C1: Introduciton Flashcards
area of biology concerned with the phenomenon of dependence
of one living organism on another
Parasitology
is a heterospecific type of an association between two individuals in which one of the partners called parasite is metabolically dependent on another referred to as host.
Parasitism;
Hosts that transmit parasites to man
vectors
essential in
the lifecycle of a parasite
biologic vectors
not essential to the life cycle of the
parasites
phoretic or mechanical vectors
deals with the parasites which infect man, the diseases they
produce, the response generated by him against them and various methods of diagnosis and
prevention.
Medical parasitology
The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from a period of ______medicine from _____, particularly the _____of 1500 BC discovered at ______.
Egyptian; 3000 to 400 BC; Ebers papyrus; Thebes
(date, person) observed and illustrated _______ and linked it to “his own loose stools”.
1681 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek; Giardia lamblia
This was the first protozoan parasite of humans that Leeuwenhoek recorded, and the first to be seen under a microscope
Giardia lamblia
1687, the Italian biologists ______ and ______ published that scabies is caused by the parasitic mite ______,
Giovanni Cosimo Bonomo, Diacinto Cestoni;
Sarcoptes scabiei
______ was marked as the first disease of humans with a known microscopic causative agent
scabies
In the same publication, _________________(Experiences of the Generation of Insects), ____ also described ecto- and endoparasites, illustrating ticks, the larvae of nasal flies of deer, and sheep liver fluke.
Esperienze Intorno alla Generazione degl’Insetti ;
Francesco Redi
Francesco Redi earlier book in 1684 - _______________ described and illustrated over 100 parasites including the human roundworm.
Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi (Observations on Living Animals found in Living Animals) ;
He noted that parasites develop from eggs, contradicting the theory of spontaneous generation.
Francesco Redi
(date & person) described amoebiasis – a protozoal infections of the intestines and the liver, though the pathogen, Entamoeba histolytica, was not discovered until 1873 by _______
1828, James Annersley; Friedrich Lösch.
_______– a protozoal infections of the intestines and the liver, though the pathogen, ________
amoebiasis ; Entamoeba histolytica
(date & person) discovered the intestinal nematode _____ in humans.
1835, James Paget; Trichinella spiralis
_______ described the human liver fluke in ___.
James McConnel, 1875l
(date & person), A physician at the French naval hospital at Toulon discovered the helminth that causes the disease _______ by studying the ailment of French soldiers returning from Vietnam.
1876, Louis Alexis Normand; strongyloidiasis
________discovered the life cycle of _____, caused by nematode worms transmitted by mosquitoes, in 1877. He further predicted that the malaria parasite, _____ , had a mosquito vector, and persuaded _______ to investigate.
Patrick Manson ; elephantiasis
Plasmodium; Ronald Ross
________ and his colleague described the malaria parasite’s life cycle stages in ______. Ross was controversially awarded the 1902 Nobel prize for his work, while Grassi was not.
Giovanni Battista Grassi; Anopheles mosquitoes
- It is an intimate or close association or relationship of two individuals in which both the partners are benefited like mutualism but in this he participating species are dependent on each other for existence and are obligatory.
symbiosis
Give 2 examples showing symbiosis ( based on module)
Termites and their intestinal protozoa
Zoochlorella and Hydra Zoochlorella
It is a loose association in which two animals or organisms of different species live together without either being metabolically dependent on the other although one animal may receive some benefit called ______but the other neither get benefit nor harm from the other. However, it is not obligatory for their existence
commensalism; commensal
Give 4 examples showing commensalism (based on module)
intestinal protozoa such as Entamoeba coli and Trichomonas sp. live in intestine;
Pilot fish and shark;
Remora and shark;
Crab and sea-urchin
It is an intimate association or relationship of two animals or individuals in which both the partners are benefited, However, this relationship is not permanent and obligatory. Either of the partners can break it without any loss to either of them.
Mutualism
Give 2 examples showing mutualism (based on module)
Hermit crab and sea anemone
herbivores ruminal flora help in the digestion of cellulose in ruminants and in return get the protection and food.
The term means “Traveling together”. It is a temporary association between two individuals or living beings in which where is no metabolic dependence.
Phoresis
It is an intimate association between two specifically distinct organisms in which one partner usually smaller lives on or within the other usually larger in order to obtain sustenance.
Parasitism
What are the Major Groups of Parasites??
Helminths; Protozoa; Arthropods
- – invertebrate animals with long, flat, round bodies.
- – unicellular, eukaryotic microorganisms
- – hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Helminths
Protozoa
Arthropods
Phylum Nemathelminthes
Class ______: roundworms (body round in cross section)
Examples: _______ (ascariasis)
_______ (pinworm)
Nematoda
Ascaris lumbricoides;
Enterobius vermicularis
Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Class ____: tapeworms (body flattened and segmented)
Examples: _____ (cysticercosis)
______ (hydatid disease)
Class ____: trematodes, flukes (body flattened, leaf-shaped, and nonsegmented)
Examples: _______(giant intestinal fluke)
____(sheep liver fluke)
Cestoda
Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Digenea
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciola hepatica
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
1. Class _______: organisms that move by means of pseudopodia (ex. ________)
2. Class _______: organisms that move by means of flagella (ex. ______)
Lobosea; Entamoeba histolytic - amoebiasis
Zoomastigophorea; Giardia lamblia - giardiasis
Phylum Ciliophora
1. Class ________: organisms that move by means of cilia
Examples: ______ (balantidiasis)
Kinetofragminophorea
Balantidium coli
Phylum Apicomplexa
1. Class ___: organisms with both sexual and asexual life cycles; apical complex seen with Electron microscope.
Examples: _____ (Malaria)
______ (Babesiosis)
Sporozoa
Plasmodium spp.
Babesia spp
Phylum Arthropoda
1. Class ________: flies, mosquitoes, bugs, lice, fleas
2. Class ______: ticks and mites
Hexapoda
Arachnida
Classification of Parasites
________- inhabit only the body surface of the host without penetrating the tissue. Lice, ticks and mites are examples
_______- A parasite, which lives within the body of the host and is said to cause an infection
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites
Name the Categories of Endoparasites:
Obligate parasite; Facultative parasite; Accidental parasites; Aberrant parasites; Free living parasites
Parasite that do not exist without a host, e.g. Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium.
Obligate parasite:
Organism which may either live as parasitic form or as fre e-living form, e.g. Naegleria fowleri.
Facultative parasite:
Parasites, which infect an unusual host are known as. Echinococcus granulosus infects man accidentally, giving rise to hydatid cysts.
Accidental parasites:
Parasites, which infect a host where they cannot develop further are known as , e.g. Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) infecting humans.
Aberrant parasites:
- It refers to nonparasitic stages of active existence, which live independent of the host, e.g. cystic stage of Naegleria fowleri
Free living parasites
Life Cycle of Parasites:
________
- Parasite that requires only one host to complete its development,
_______
- Parasite that requires two hosts (one definitive host and another intermediate host) to complete its development
Direct/simple life cycle:
Indirect/complex life cycle:
is defined as an organism, which harbors the parasite and provides nourishment and shelter to latter and is relatively larger than the parasite
Host
The host, in which the adult parasite lives and undergoes sexual , e.g. mosquito acts as definitive host in malaria.
Definitive host:
The host, in which the larval stage of the parasite lives or asexual multiplication takes place is called
Intermediate host:
A host, in which larval stage of the parasite remains viable without further development is referred as a
Paratenic host:
In an endemic area, a parasitic infection is continuously kept up by the presence of a host, which harbors the parasite and acts as an important source of infection to other susceptible hosts, e.g. dog is the reservoir host of hydatid disease
Reservoir host:
. One that harbors an organism which usually does not infect it
Accidental host
First introduced by Rudolf Virchow in 1880 to include the diseases shared in nature by man and animals
zoonosis
Later, in 1959, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined ______ as those diseases and infections, which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man
zoonosis
Types of Zoonosis
* ______, e.g. toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, balanlidiasis and cryptosporidiosis.
Protozoal zoonoses
Types of Zoonosis
________e.g. hydatid disease, taeniasis.
Helminthic zoonoses,
Types of Zoonosis
________: Infections transmitted to man from lower vertebrate animals, e.g. cystic echinococcosis.
Anthropozoonoses
Types of Zoonosis
______: Infections transmitted from man
to lower vertebrate animals, e.g. human tuberculosis to cattle.
Zooanthroponoses
What type of association??
Termites and their intestinal protozoa. The termites provide the habitat and the food in the form of wood (cellulose) which they cannot digest. The protozoa in the intestinal habitat, however, are capable of hydrolyzing the wood for their own and the termites use.
Symbiosis
What type of association??
Zoochlorella and Hydra Zoochlorella lives in the cells of hydra, hence gest the protection. Secondly the CO2 produced by hydra, is taken and utilized in food making and release the O2 which is utilized by the hydra. In this way both are benefited.
Symbiosis
What type of association??
Pilot fish and shark: The pilot fish (Naucrates doctor) accompanies the shark in a free-swimming manner eating the fragments of food that become available as the shark tears apart its prey.
Commensalism
What type of association??
Remora and shark: The remora (Echeneis remora) actually attaches itself to the shark by its dorsal fin and feeds on “left over” and does not harm the shark.
Commensalism
What type of association??
Crab and sea-urchin: The crab (Eumedon conuictor) lives in a large cavity found on the back of the sea-urchin (Echinothrix turca). The crab does not exert any energy in swimming around the host, on the other hand, it shares the food of the sea-urchin and enjoys its protection.
Commensalism
What type of association??
Hermit crab and sea anemone lives on the back of a crab. The anemone is benefited by being moved to new hunting grounds and obtaining morsels of food torn off by the crab, while the crab is protected by the bulk and stinging tentacles of the bulk and stinging tentacles of the anemone.
Mutualism
What type of association??
In the herbivores ruminal flora help in the digestion of cellulose in ruminants and in return get the protection and food.
Mutualism
What type of association?
Bacteria and amoebae on the legs of fly or fungal spores on the legs of a beetle
Phoresis
Leishmania spp.
Definitive host:
Intermediate host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate host: Sandfly
Trypanosoma bruzi.
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: Tsetse fly
Trypanosoma cruzi.
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: Reduviid bug
Schistosoma spp.
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: snail
Taenia saginata
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: cattle
Trichinella spiralis
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: pig
Filarial worms
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: Man
Intermediate Host: mosquitoes
Plasmodium spp.
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: mosquito
Intermediate Host: man
Babesia spp.
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: tick
Intermediate Host: man
Toxoplasma gondii
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: cat
Intermediate Host: man
Echinococcus granulosus
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: dog
Intermediate Host: man
Sarcocystis lindemanni
Definitive host:
Intermediate Host:
Definitive host: cat & dog
Intermediate Host: man
