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GCSE Chemistry > C1: Atomic Theory > Flashcards

C1: Atomic Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an element?

A

A simple substance that cannot be broken down into smaller parts or changed into another substance.

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2
Q

What is a mixture?

A

the result of combining two or more substances, such that each maintains its chemical identity

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance made from more than one type of element chemically bonded together.

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4
Q

why is mass coserved in a chemical reaction

A

This is because the new substances created are composed of atoms that were present in the reactants. The atoms from the reactants come apart, rearrange and re-bond in a different arrangement to form the products. No new atoms have entered or left the system so the mass is conserved.

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5
Q

Why may mass appear to change in a chemical reaction?

A

Some reactions may appear to involve a change in mass but this can usually be explained because a reactant or product is a gas and its mass has not been taken into account.

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6
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

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7
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

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8
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

Approximately 1/20000

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9
Q

Why do atoms have no overall charge?

A

They have the same number of protons as electrons

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10
Q

How do you find the number of neutrons using the periodic table?

A

Subtracting the number of electrons/ protons (atomic number) from the mass number

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11
Q

Why can we be confident that there are no missing elements in the first 10 elements of the periodic table?

A

The periodic table is structured by electron configurations, which follow predictable rules (e.g., Aufbau principle). For the first 10 elements, there are no unaccounted gaps in electron configurations or predicted chemical properties.

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12
Q

What is an anion?

A

A negative ion
Non-metals

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13
Q

What is a cation?

A

A positive ion
Metal

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14
Q

What is the force within ionic compounds and in an atom?

A

Electrostatic attraction- Attraction between oppositely charged ions

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15
Q

What was the 1st discovery of atomic structure?

A

John Daltan, early 19th century- Dalton’s solid sphere- Atoms first described as solid spheres. Discovered that every organism was made of atoms and cannit be destroyed nor created

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16
Q

What was the 2nd discovery of atomic structure?

A

JJ Thompson 1897- Plum pudding model- atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons scattered; founded the negatively charged electrons

17
Q

What was the 3rd discovery of atomic structure?

A

Ernest Rutherford 1909- Alpha scattering experiment- mass is concentrated at the centre; the nucleus is charged. Most of an atom is empty space and most of mass is in nucleus. Discovered the proton- Rutherford’s nuclear model

18
Q

What was the 4th discovery of atomic structure?

A

Niels Bohr 1913- Bohr’s planetary model- Niels bohr discovered how atoms can have a different number of shells. The electrons also have a fixed orbit around the nucleus and have set distances from the nucleus. All atoms must have the same number of protons and electrons. Does not collapse inwards by shells due to the attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons due to electrostatic force.

19
Q

What was the 5th discovery of electronic structure?

A

James Chadwick 1940- Discovered the neutron in the nucleus- Quantum atomic model

20
Q

What was the alpha scattering experiment and what did it help discover?

A

The experiment was the alpha scattering experment which was conducted to develop ideas of atomic strucure. A beam alpha atoms was shot towards a thin gold sheet. Some were defelcted, however most went through the sheet but changed direction. The few that were defelected at larger than 90° angles suggested there was a small, dense center within the middle of an atom, whilst the ones that went through but slightly changed course indicated that the positive alpha particles were repelled by the positively charged nucleus of atoms within the gold sheet. Most went directly through, suggesting most of the atom is empty space. This therefore concluded that atoms had a small, positive, dense center called a nucleus but most of the atom between the nucleus and electrons was empty space.

21
Q

What are the differences between the plum-pudding and the nuclear model of the atom?

A

In the plum pudding model, there is a positive sphere with negative charge randomly placed within the sphere. There is no empty space. In the nuclear model, there is a central positive, tiny nucleus, with mostly empty space and lots of negative charges a long way from the nucleus.

22
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a charge

23
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Isotopes are distinct nuclear species of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number and position in the periodic table, but different nucleon numbers due to different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

24
Q

Why do ions have a charge?

A

Because they have either lost or gained valence electrons to have a full puter shell through chemical reactions.

25
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles?

A
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
26
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A

0.1nm (1x10^-10m)

27
Q

What is the radius of the nucleus of an atom

A

1/10000 that of the atom (1x10^-14m)

28
Q

Why does chlorine not have a whole mass number?

A

The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 rather than a whole number. This is because chlorine contains two different isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37. Because of the ratio of Chlorine 35: Chlorine 37, it is Chlorine 35.5 as there are more 35 than 37.

29
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the 1st three energy levels?

A

2,8,8

30
Q

Why do elements in the same group react in a similar way?

A

Because elements of the same group need the same number of valence electrons they must gain/ lose to have a full outer shell, so they react to each gain/ lose the same number of valence electrons.

31
Q

What are bases?

A

Substances that neutralise acids (greater than Ph 7.0)

32
Q

What is an alkali?

A

Water soluble bases that release hydroxide ions

33
Q

What is an acid?

A

Substances that when dissolved in water releases hydrogen ions

34
Q

What is a singular covalent bond?

A

A pair of electrons

GCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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