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GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE CHEM P1 > C1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE > Flashcards

C1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an atom?

A

smallest part of an element what can exist

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2
Q

what is an element?

A

substance of only one type of atom

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3
Q

how are the elements listed and approx how many are there?

A

listed in the periodic table , approx 100

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4
Q

elements can classified into two groups on their properties; what are these groups?

A

metals and non metals

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5
Q

elements may combine through chemical reactions to form new products; what are these substances called?

A

compounds

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6
Q

what is a compound?

A

two or more or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

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7
Q

what is a mixture?

A

different elements or compounds not chemically combined together

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8
Q

what are the methods through which mixtures can be separated? do these involve chemical reactions?

A

filtration , crystallisation, simple distillation , fractional distillation and chromatography

they do not involve chemical reaction.

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9
Q

describe and explain simple distillation?

A

used to separate liquid from a solution

Salty water is heated
The water vapour cools in the condenser and drips into a beaker
The water has condensed and is now in the beaker, the salt stays behind

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10
Q

describe and explain crystallisation?

A

used to produce solid crystals from a solution. When the solution is warmed, some of the solvent evaporates leaving crystals behind.

A solution is placed in an evaporating basin and heated with a Bunsen burner.
The volume of the solution has decreased because some of the water has evaporated. Solid particles begin to form in the basin.
All the water has evaporated, leaving solid crystals behind.

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11
Q

describe and explain fractional distillation?

A

separate different liquids = a mixture of liquids.

Fractional distillation works because the different liquids have different boiling points.

When the mixture is heated:

vapours rise through a column = hot bottom,= cooler top
vapours condense when they reach a part of the column = below the temperature of their boiling point
each liquid is led away from the column

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12
Q

describe and explain filtration?

A

Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid.
1. One beaker contains a mixture of solid and liquid, the other contains a funnel with filter paper
2. The solid and liquid mixture is poured into the filter funnel
3.The liquid drips through the filter paper but the solid particles are caught in the filter paper

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13
Q

describe and explain chromatography

A

used to separate a mixture of substances dissolved ina solvent.

we place a piece of paper with a spot containing a mixture in a beaker with some solvent . the bottom of the paper has to be in contact with the solvent . the solvent level will start to rise thus separating the spit into few spots

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14
Q

separating funnel?

A

a glass funnel with a tap at the bottom. two liquids that do not dissolve in each other. Liquids that do not dissolve in each other are called immiscible.

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15
Q

describe the plum pudding model?

A

the atom is a ball with positive charge with negative electron embedded in it.

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16
Q

describe bohr/nucleur model and how it came about?

A

the nuclear model suggests that electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances - it came about from alpha scattering experiments.

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17
Q

what are the positive particles in the nucleus called?

A

protons

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18
Q

what work did james chadwick provide evidence for?

A

neutrons in the nucleus

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19
Q

structure of an atom?

A

has a small central nucleus (made up of neutrons and protons)
around which there are electrons

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20
Q

relative masses and charges of proton neutron and electron?

A

proton = 1 (mass) +1 (charge)
neutron = 1 (mass) 0 (charge)
electron = very small -1 (charge)

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21
Q

why do atoms have no overall charge?

A

because the number of electrons is the same as the number of protons

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22
Q

radius of atom?

A

0.1nm

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23
Q

radius of nucleus?

A

1 x 10 -14 m

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24
Q

what name is given to the number of protons in the nucleus?

A

atomic number

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25
Q

atoms of the same element have the same number of which particles in the nucleus?

A

protons

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26
Q

majority of mass of an atom?

A

nucleus

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27
Q

mass number?

A

total number of protons and neutrons

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28
Q

how do you calculate number of neutrons?

A

subtract the atomic number from the mass number

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29
Q

what is an isotope?

A

atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons

30
Q

what is an ion?

A

atoms which have no overall charge , they have gained or lost electrons

31
Q

has positive ion gained or lost electrons?

A

lost

32
Q

has negative ions gained or lost electons?

A

gained

33
Q

relative formula mass?

A

the average of the mass numbers of the different isotopes

34
Q

formula of ram

A

(mass number of isotope 1 X percent abundance of isotope 1) + (mass number of isotope 2 X percent abundance of isotope 2)/ 100

35
Q

compare the properties of metals?

A

boiling/melting point = high (strong forces of attraction)
conductivity = heat and electricity (delocalised electrons)
appearance = shiny
maleabillity = yes (layers of atoms can slide over eachother whilst maintaining)
density = high
oxides = basic

36
Q

compare the properties of non metals?

A

boiling/melting point = low
conductivity = don’t conduct heat and electricity (with the exception of graphite)
appearance = dull
malleability = brittle
density = low
oxides = acidic

37
Q

what is ionic compound

A

metal + non metal

38
Q

what is covalent bonding?

A

non metal + non metal

39
Q

solute?

A

A solid substance that dissolves in a liquid

40
Q

solvent?

A

dissolve in a given amount of liquid,

41
Q

solution?

A

when a solute is dissolved in a solvent.

42
Q

miscible?

A

substances that can mix together

43
Q

immisicle?

A

substances that cannot mix together e.g water and oil

44
Q

soluble?

A

substances that can be dissolved in a solvent.

45
Q

insoluble?

A

won’t dissolve in a particular solvent.

46
Q

the columns of the periodic table are called?

A

groups

47
Q

the rows of the periodic table are called?

A

periods

48
Q

are elements in the same group similar

A

they have similar chemical properties as they have the same number of outer electrons

49
Q

what are the differences between elements of the same period (in terms of energy levels)

A

same number of energy levels

50
Q

group 0 are called…

A

noble gases

51
Q

what makes the periodic table periodic

A

the elements are arranged in columns (groups) and rows (periods).

52
Q

elements that have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.. what does this tell us about the chemical properties?

A

similar chemical properties.

53
Q

in terms of shell what is the difference between elements in the same period?

A

same number of shells

54
Q

what change in shell number is seen as one moves down the group?

A

number of shell increases.

55
Q

early periodic table were incomplete and elements were placed in appropriate groups if what was to b followed?

A

strict order of atomic weights

56
Q

knowledge of what made it possible to explain why the order based on atomic weighs was not always correct?

A

isotopes

57
Q

what did mendeleev do?

A

developed the first modern periodic table
started by arranging all the elements in order of increasing atomic weight.
mendeleev realised some elements have not been discovered so he simply left gaps in his periodic table where he thought an element was missing.
he was so confident that his table was correct that he actuallu predicted the properties of the undiscovered element based on other elements in the same group.

several years later these elements were discovered their proporties matched mendeelevs predictions because of that other scientists accepted that mendeelev table was correct

58
Q

majority of the elements are…

A

metals

59
Q

what are group 1 metals known as

A

alkali metals

60
Q

3 characteristics of alkali metals?

A

one electron in the outer shell.
low density
stored under oil

61
Q

how do group 1 elements react with non metals?

why are these reactions similar for the different group 1 elements?

A

form ionic compound (soluble white solids form colourless solutions)

they have one electron in the outer shell

62
Q

how does group 1 react with water?

A

release hydrogen and form hydroxides which dissolve to form alkaline solutions: react vigorously (powerful) with water fizzing and moving around on the surface of the water

63
Q

how does reactivity change moving down group 1

A

react more rapidly
outer electron is less attracted to the nucleus and easier to lose.
greater distance between the positive nucleus and the negative outer electron
outer electron is shield from the nucleus by the internal energy levels.

64
Q

3 characteristics of group 7 metals

A

7 electrons in the outer shell.
coloured vapours.
form ionic salts with metals.

65
Q

state group 7 elements and states of matter of molecules they form.

A

F F2 - fluorine
Cl Cl2 - chlorine
Br Br2 - bromine
I I2 - iodine

66
Q

3 changes that occur in group 7 as one move down the group

A

higher relative molecular mass
higher melting and boiling point
less reactive - less easily gain electrons

67
Q

compare group 1 metals with transition metals

A

g1 metals and transition metals are heat and electricity conductor , they are shiny when polished and form ionic compounds with non metals.

trans metal has higher densities and have higher melting points than group 1 metals , they are less reactive and harder than group 1 metals

68
Q

3 characteristics of transition metals

A

ions with different charges
coloured compounds
catalytic properties

69
Q

catalyst?

A

chemical substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

70
Q

state the colour of flames observed when lithium , sodium , potassium burn in oxygen

A

crimson - red , lithium
yellow orange - sodium
lilak - potassium

71
Q

properties of noble gases?

A

non metals
gases
low boiling points
unreactive

the boiling point increases down the group as the atoms get heavier.

GCSE AQA COMBINED SCIENCE CHEM P1 (5 decks)

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