C1 Atomic Structure Flashcards
What three fundamental particles make up an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is the structure of an atom?
A nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons
What can students determine using mass number, atomic number, and charge?
The number of fundamental particles in atoms and ions
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
What are the principles of a simple time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometer?
Ionisation, acceleration to give all ions constant kinetic energy, ion drift, ion detection, data analysis
What information does a mass spectrometer provide?
Relative isotopic mass and relative abundance of isotopes
What can mass spectrometry be used to identify?
Elements
What can mass spectrometry determine?
Relative molecular mass
What can students calculate from isotopic abundance?
Relative atomic mass, limited to mononuclear ions
What is first ionisation energy?
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element
Give the equation for the 1IE of carbons
C(g) -> C^+ +E^-
Who discovered neutrons?
James Chadwick
Who discovered electrons?
JJ Thomson
Who discovered protons?
Ernest Rutherford
Which 2 elements are the exception to the electron configuration rules?
Chromium and copper have 1 electron in their 4s orbital
When forming cations, the elements from _ to _ lose electrons in their _ orbital first
Scandium to Zinc, 4s orbital
The s sublevel has _ orbital, so up to _ electrons
1 orbital, 2 electrons
The p sublevel has _ orbitals, so up to _ electrons
3 orbitals, 6 electrons
The d sublevel has _ orbital, so up to _ electrons
5 orbitals, 10 electrons
Only change in Order of electron sublevel energy
4s² has a lower energy than 3d¹⁰
Factors affecting ionisation energy
Shielding
Nuclear charge
Atomic radius
