C1. Acid-Base Chemistry

Question 1

main chemical basis of drug treatment for dyspepsia?

Answer 1

-reduced acidity in the stomach
-prevention of acid reflux

Question 2

what is a physiochemical mode of treatment?

Answer 2

In pharmacy, the physiochemical mode of action refers to how a drug exerts its effects based on physical and chemical interactions rather than binding to specific biological targets like receptors or enzymes. These drugs work through general physicochemical properties such as solubility, pH, osmosis, adsorption, or surface tension modification.

Question 3

what are physiochemical modes of action for treating dsypepsia?

Answer 3

-antacids
-raft-forming agents
-anti-foaming agents

Question 4

what is a pharmacological mode of action of treatment?

Answer 4

The pharmacological mode of action of a treatment refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug produces its therapeutic effect. This typically involves binding to biological targets like receptors, enzymes, ion channels, or transporters to alter physiological processes.

Question 5

What is a pharmacological mode of action for treatment of dyspepsia?

Answer 5

-H2 receptor antagonists
-proton pump inhibitors

Question 6

How do antacids work?

Answer 6

consumption of acid by a base: consumption of HCl (stomach acid)
ONE NOTE

Question 7

Describe the acid-base reaction using brønsted-Lowry definitions

Answer 7

ONE NOTE

Question 8

Describe HCl

Answer 8

-Essentially 100% of the hydrochloric acid dissolved in water ionizes to the hydronium and
chloride ions (ie HCl transfers all of its protons and the reaction goes to completion)
-HCl is a strong acid
ONE NOTE

Question 9

Describe acetic acid

Answer 9

-With acetic acid, only a proportion of its protons are transferred to water (ie the reaction is
considered as an equilibrium)
-Acetic acid is a weak acid
ONE NOTE

Question 10

Describe strong acids

Answer 10

-Fully ionise in aqueous solutions
-Transfer all their protons to water in aqueous solutions
-Reactions go to completion

Question 11

Describe weak acids

Answer 11

-Partially ionise in aqueous solutions
-Do not transfer all their protons to water in aqueous solutions
-Reactions are equilibria

Question 12

Definition of conjugate acid and conjugate base?

Answer 12

-Conjugate acid: the acid (proton donor) on the product side of the reaction
-Conjugate base: the base (proton acceptor) on the product side of the reaction
ONE NOTE

Question 13

Describe auto-ionisation of water

Answer 13

ONE NOTE

Question 14

How to determine equilibrium constant?

Answer 14

ONE NOTE

Question 15

How to determine acid dissociation constant?

Answer 15

one note

Question 16

what is pKa?

Answer 16

To avoid very small and large numbers, pKa values are commonly used
pKa = -log10 Ka
pKa directly proportional to 1 / Ka

Question 17

Describe a strong and weak acid in terms of Ka and pKa

Answer 17

-A strong acid has a large Ka and small pKa
-A weak acid has a small Ka and large pKa

Question 18

How to calculate Kb, base dissociation constant?

Answer 18

one note

Question 19

Describe a strong and weak base in terms of Ka and pKa

Answer 19

-strong base, small Ka, large pKa, BH+ favoured over B
-weak base, large Ka, small pKa, B favoured over BH+
ONE NOTE

Question 20

Kw?

Answer 20

ONE NOTE

Question 21

Describe the pH of neutrality

Answer 21

-The pH of neutrality varies with temperature
-The degree of ionization of water increases with temperature, and hence
the pH of neutrality decreases
-At 37 ºC, the pH of neutrality is 6.80