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C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What orbits the atoms nucleus, what charge do they have and what are their orbits called?

A

Electrons
Negative
Shells

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2
Q

What part of an atom is involved in making bonds?

A

Electrons

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3
Q

What happens if an atom loses or gains electrons?

A

Gives it a positive (loses) or negative (gains) charge

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4
Q

What are charged atoms known as?

A

Ions

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

A positive ion meets a negative ion and are attracted to each other so join together

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

The atoms share a pair of electrons

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7
Q 
What is the molecular formula of:
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Water
Oxygen
A

CO2
H2
H2O
O2

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8
Q 
What is the molecular formula of:
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid
Calcium chloride
Magnesium chloride
A

CO
HCl
CaCl2
MgCl2

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9
Q 
What is the molecular formula of:
Sodium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Sulfuric acid
Magnesium sulfate
A

Na2CO3
CaCO3
H2SO4
MgSO4

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10
Q

Name 4 food additives

A

Food colours
Flavour enhancers
Antioxidants
Emulsifiers

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11
Q

What do antioxidants do?

A

Help preserve food

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12
Q

What is an emulsion?

A

Lots of droplets of one liquid suspended in another

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13
Q

What do emulsifiers do?

A

Stop the two liquids in an emulsion from separating out

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of foods which contain emulsifiers

A

Mayonnaise
Low fat spread
Ice cream

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15
Q

Describe an emulsifier molecule

A

Hydrophilic head -> O/\/\/\/

Hydrophobic tail -> \/\/\/\O

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16
Q

How does an emulsifier work?

A

Hydrophilic head bonds to water molecules

Hydrophobic tail bonds to oil molecules

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17
Q

How do emulsifiers prevent an emulsion from separating out?

A

Oil droplets surrounded by emulsifier molecules with their hydrophilic head facing out which repels other oil droplets

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18
Q

Name 4 reasons why foods have to be cooked

A

Better taste and texture
Easier to digest
Kill microbes on the food
Some foods poisonous when raw

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19
Q

What does cooking do to eggs or meat?

A

Protein molecules change shape when heated - bonds break in the molecule and they denature

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20
Q

What does cooking do to potatoes?

A

Cell walls rupture making starch grains swell and spread out making potato softer and easier to digest

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21
Q

What does baking powder undergo when you heat it?

A

Thermal decomposition

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22
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

A substance breaks down into simpler substances when heated

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23
Q

What chemical does baking powder contain?

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate

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24
Q

What is the word equation for baking powder undergoing thermal decomposition?

A 
Sodium hydrogencarbonate 
                        I
            Sodium carbonate
              Carbon dioxide
                     Water
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25
Q

How is baking powder used in baking cakes?

A

Carbon dioxide produced by thermal decomposition makes the cake rise

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26
Q

How do you check whether Carbon dioxide has been produced?

A

Limewater test

Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through

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27
Q

What chemicals are used in perfumes?

A

Esters

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28
Q

Where can you find esters?

A

In nature

Manufactured synthetically

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29
Q

How do you make esters?

A

Heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol

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30
Q

What is the name of the process that makes esters?

A

Esterification

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31
Q

What is the word equation of esterification?

A

Acid+ alcohol -> ester + water

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32
Q

What catalyst is used in esterification?

A

An acid catalyst

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33
Q

Name 5 properties a perfume needs

A 
Easily evaporates 
Non toxic
Doesn't react with water
Doesn't irritate skin
Insoluble in water
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34
Q

What are two opinions on animal testing to test cosmetics?

A

Worth testing so it won’t harm humans

Wrong to cause suffering when it’s just cosmetics especially when results may not be conclusive

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35
Q

Describe a solid in terms of its particles

A

Strong forces of attraction holding particles in fixed lattice arrangement
Don’t move do keeps definite shapes and volume
Vibrate in their positions so hotter it gets equals more vibration

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36
Q

Describe liquids in terms of their particles

A

Some force of attraction but free to move but tend to stick together
Don’t keep definite shape but keep same volume
Constantly moving randomly the hotter they get the faster they move

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37
Q

Describe gases in terms of their particles

A

No force of attraction - move in straight lines
Don’t keep definite shape or volume
Constantly moving randomly hotter they get faster they moved
Either expand or increase pressure when get hotter

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38
Q

What is volatility?

A

How easily a liquid evaporates

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39
Q

Describe evaporation

A

Particles move faster when liquid heated

Fast moving particles at surface overcome the forces of attraction of other particles and escape

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40
Q

Why do perfumes need to be quite volatile?

A

So the evaporated particles reach your nose so you can smell them

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41
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of a solvent and solute

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42
Q

How is a solution formed?

A

The bonds holding the solute molecule together break and it mixes with the molecules in the liquid

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43
Q

What does it depend on whether the solute bonds break or not?

A

How strong the attractions are between the molecules within the substance
How strong the attractions are between the two substances

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44
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of a solute and a solvent that doesn’t separate out

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45
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance being dissolved

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46
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid the solute dissolves into

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47
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

It will dissolve

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48
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

Tit won’t dissolve

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49
Q

What is solubility?

A

A measure of how much it will dissolve

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50
Q

Why doesn’t nail varnish dissolve in water?

A

The two substances (nail varnish and water) are more attracted to themselves than each other

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51
Q

What does nail varnish dissolve in?

A

Acetone

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52
Q

What does the solubility of a substance depend on?

A

The solvent used

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53
Q

What 3 things does paint contain?

A

Pigment
Binding medium
Solvent

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54
Q

What is binding medium?

A

A liquid that carries the pigment when it dries it sticks the paint to the wall

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55
Q

What does a colloid consist of?

A

Really tiny particles of a substance dispersed in another

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56
Q

Why don’t colloids seperate out?

A

The particles are too small

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57
Q

Name 3 facts about water based paints

A

Solvent is water, binding medium is a polymer
Dries when solvent evaporates leaving a thins solid film behind
Fast drying and don’t produce harmful fumes

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58
Q

Name 3 facts about oil based paints

A

Binding material is oil and solvent is an organic compound
Dry in two stages - solvent evaporates then oil is oxidised by the oxygen in the air
Glossy waterproof and hard wearing but produce harmful fumes when drying

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59
Q

What are thermochromic pigments?

A

Change colour or become transparent when heated or cooled

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60
Q

What can a mixture of different thermochromic pigments make?

A

A colour coded temperature scale

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61
Q

Name 4 uses of thermochromic pigments

A

Electric kettles that change colour when water boils
Baby products e.g baby spoons
Drinks mugs - warn if too hot
Mood rings

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62
Q

What is a use of mixing thermochromic pigments with paint?

A

Novelty mugs

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63
Q

What are phosphorescent pigments?

A

Absorb light and store as energy in molecules then glow in the dark

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64
Q

Name 4 uses of phosphorescent pigments

A

Glow in the dark hands on watches
Traffic or emergency exit signs
Toys
Novelty decorations

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65
Q

What are plastics?

A

Long chain molecules called polymers

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66
Q

How are polymers formed?

A

When lots of monomers join together - polymerisation

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67
Q

What does polymerisation need?

A

High pressure and a catalyst

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68
Q

What are unsaturated compounds?

A

Molecules with at least one double covalent bond between Carbon atoms

69
Q

What are saturated compounds?

A

Molecules with no double bond between Carbon atoms

70
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Unsaturated monomer molecules open up their double bond and join ribeye to form polymer chains

71
Q

Describe the properties of polymers with weak intermolecular forces

A

Chains free to slide over each other
Stretched easily
Low melting point

72
Q

Describe the properties of plastics with strong intermolecular forces

A

Covalent bonds or cross linking bridges inbetween chains
Higher melting points
Rigid and can’t be stretched

73
Q

What is nylon coated with to make tough hard wearing and waterproof outdoor clothing?

A

Polyurethane

74
Q

What is the problem of a polyurethane coating?

A

Doesn’t let water vapour through so the material isn’t breathable

75
Q

Describe gore tex

A

Made by laminating a thin film of expanded PTFE onto nylon or polyester
PTFE has tiny holes which let water vapour through but are too small to let water droplets through
Also PTFE repels liquid water

76
Q

What are the problems with non biodegradable plastics?

A

There forever and landfills are a waste of land

When burnt release toxic gases e.g sulfur dioxide and hydrogen cyanide

77
Q

What’s the best thing to do with non biodegradeable plastics?

A

Reuse and recycle them but it’s difficult and expensive

78
Q

What solution is trying to be done to solve the issue of non biodegradable plastics?

A

Chemists trying to produce biodegradable polymers

79
Q

What’s a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound which is formed from hydrogen and Carbon atoms only

80
Q

What are hydrocarbons used for?

A

Fuels e.g petrol and diesel

Plastics are made from them

81
Q

What is an atoms main aim in life?

A

To get a full outer shell of electrons

82
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated compounds

Just chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms

83
Q

How do you tell the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

A

Bromine water

Alkenes de colourise the bromine water

84
Q

Name the first four alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

85
Q

What is a double covalent bond?

A

Where in order to fill up their outer shells atoms will share two pairs of electrons

86
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated compounds

Hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds between Carbon atoms

87
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Double bonds can open up and join onto things

88
Q

Name the first three alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene

89
Q

Why do alkenes de colourise bromine water?

A

They’re reactive so react with the bromine in an addition reaction making a colourless dibromo compound

90
Q

How is crude oil created?

A

Over millions of years with high temperature and pressure the remains of plants and animals are turned into crude oil

91
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons

92
Q

How is crude oil separated out?

A

Fractional distillation

93
Q

Describe fractional distillation

A

Oil heated till becomes gas
Gas enters fractionating column - temperature gradient in the column (hot at bottom cool at top)
Longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points so turn back to liquids and drain out early on ectr
Crude oil separated into different fractions of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

94
Q

What is drained out the bottom of a fractionating column?

A

Bitumen

95
Q

What is drained out of the top of a fractionating column?

A

LPG

96
Q

What happens as the size (length) of a hydrocarbon molecule increases?

A 
Boiling point increases 
Less flammable
More viscous (doesn't flow as easily)
Less volatile
97
Q

What are the two types of bonds in crude oil?

A

Strong covalent bonds within each hydrocarbon

Intermolecular forces between different hydrocarbons

98
Q

What happens when crude oil is heated?

A

Molecules move more and eventually overcome the forces of attraction but not the covalent bonds as they are much stronger so whizz off as a gas

99
Q

What’s different about the intermolecular forces between small molecules and large molecules?

A

Break easier in small molecules

Stronger between large molecules than small ones

100
Q

What is cracking?

A

Splitting up long chain molecules

101
Q

What does cracking do?

A

Turn long alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules which are more useful (and in higher demand)

102
Q

What is cracking a form of?

A

Thermal decomposition

103
Q

What charge does an atoms nucleus carry?

A

Positive

104
Q

What do you need in cracking?

A

Lost of heat and a catalyst

105
Q

Why are some molecules cracked?

A

Because the smaller molecules are in higher demand and the supply cannot meet the demand so cracking produces more supply

106
Q

Describe cracking

A

Vaporised hydrocarbons passed over a catalyst
400-700degrees C
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst
Long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst

107
Q

What’s the problem with crude oil?

A

Supplies are limited and non renewable so will eventually run out

108
Q

What political problems can oil cause?

A

Countries with lots of stocks may keep it as oil is used up
Countries with the most oil supplies with have the most power over other countries
Harder for countries without an oil supply to get hold of it - could be cut off

109
Q

What environmental problems can oil cause?

A

Oil tanker crashes can lead to massive oil slicks on the sea
Covers bride feathers and destroys their waterproofing so they die of cold and can’t fly
Detergents clean up oil slicks but some harm wildlife

110
Q

What are the 7 things you need to consider when picking the best fuel?

A 
Energy value
Availability
Storage
Cost
Toxicity
Ease of use
Pollution
111
Q

When does complete combustion happen?

A

When there’s plenty of oxygen

112
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water

113
Q

How do you know if complete combustion is happening?

A

The gas burns with a clean blue flame

114
Q

How do you show a fuel burns to give Carbon dioxide and water?

A

Burn a fuel
The products are passed through apparatus
Water collects in a cooled U tube
In order to exit it the gas must pass through limewater which will turn cloudy

115
Q

How can you check if it’s water?

A

By checking its boiling point

116
Q

What happens if a fuel burns and there isn’t enough oxygen?

A

Incomplete combustion

117
Q

What’s the word equation of incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water + Carbon monoxide + Carbon

118
Q

Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

It’s colourless, odourless and poisonous

119
Q

What is an indicator that incomplete combustion is happening?

A

Carbon produced leaves sooty marks

120
Q

What was phase 1 of the creation of the atmosphere?

A

Volcanoes give out steam and Carbon dioxide and ammonia

Early atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour

121
Q

What was phase 2 of the creation of our atmosphere?

A

Water vapour condensed into oceans which Carbon dioxide dissolved into
Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
Lots of the CO2 locked up as fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
Nitrogen released by ammonia reacting with oxygen and denitrifying bacteria

122
Q

What was phase 3 of the creation of our atmosphere?

A

Ozone layer allows the evolution of complex animals

Build up of oxygen created ozone

123
Q

Name the percentage of things in our atmosphere

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.035% Carbon dioxide

124
Q

Name 3 things which put Carbon back into the air and remove oxygen

A

Respiration
Combustion
Decay of plants and animals

125
Q

What removes Carbon from the air and replaces it with oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

126
Q

How is human activity affecting the amount of carbon in the air?

A

More energy needed = more combustion
More countries being industrialised
More landed needed = deforestation = less photosynthesis
More people = more respiration

127
Q

What are the main causes of acid rain?

A

Power stations and internal combustion engines

128
Q

What harmful gases are released when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides

129
Q

What happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with clouds?

A

Form dilute sulfuric and nitric acid which falls as acid rain

130
Q

What bad things does acid rain do?

A

Makes lakes acidic
Kills trees and damages limestone (statues and buildings)
Makes metal corrode

131
Q

What’s photochemical smog and what can it cause?

A

A type of air pollution caused by slight acting on oxides of nitrogen produces ground level ozone which can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness

132
Q

What does Carbon monoxide do to you?

A

Stops you blood from carrying oxygen leading to fainting, coma or even death

133
Q

What do catalytic converters do?

A

Reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides produce by cars

134
Q

What is the catalyst in a catalytic converter usually a mix of?

A

Platinum and rhodium

135
Q

What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?

A

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide
->
Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide

136
Q

What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?

A

2CO + 2NO -> N2 + 2CO2

137
Q

What do you need in cracking?

A

Lost of heat and a catalyst

138
Q

Why are some molecules cracked?

A

Because the smaller molecules are in higher demand and the supply cannot meet the demand so cracking produces more supply

139
Q

Describe cracking

A

Vaporised hydrocarbons passed over a catalyst
400-700degrees C
Aluminium oxide is the catalyst
Long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the bits of catalyst

140
Q

What’s the problem with crude oil?

A

Supplies are limited and non renewable so will eventually run out

141
Q

What political problems can oil cause?

A

Countries with lots of stocks may keep it as oil is used up
Countries with the most oil supplies with have the most power over other countries
Harder for countries without an oil supply to get hold of it - could be cut off

142
Q

What environmental problems can oil cause?

A

Oil tanker crashes can lead to massive oil slicks on the sea
Covers bride feathers and destroys their waterproofing so they die of cold and can’t fly
Detergents clean up oil slicks but some harm wildlife

143
Q

What are the 7 things you need to consider when picking the best fuel?

A 
Energy value
Availability
Storage
Cost
Toxicity
Ease of use
Pollution
144
Q

When does complete combustion happen?

A

When there’s plenty of oxygen

145
Q

What is the word equation for complete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water

146
Q

How do you know if complete combustion is happening?

A

The gas burns with a clean blue flame

147
Q

How do you show a fuel burns to give Carbon dioxide and water?

A

Burn a fuel
The products are passed through apparatus
Water collects in a cooled U tube
In order to exit it the gas must pass through limewater which will turn cloudy

148
Q

How can you check if it’s water?

A

By checking its boiling point

149
Q

What happens if a fuel burns and there isn’t enough oxygen?

A

Incomplete combustion

150
Q

What’s the word equation of incomplete combustion?

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen
->
Carbon dioxide + water + Carbon monoxide + Carbon

151
Q

Why is Carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

It’s colourless, odourless and poisonous

152
Q

What is an indicator that incomplete combustion is happening?

A

Carbon produced leaves sooty marks

153
Q

What was phase 1 of the creation of the atmosphere?

A

Volcanoes give out steam and Carbon dioxide and ammonia

Early atmosphere mostly carbon dioxide and water vapour

154
Q

What is the symbol equation for a catalytic converter?

A

2CO + 2NO -> N2 + 2CO2

155
Q

What is the word equation for a catalytic converter?

A

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxide
->
Nitrogen + Carbon dioxide

156
Q

What is the catalyst in a catalytic converter usually a mix of?

A

Platinum and rhodium

157
Q

What do catalytic converters do?

A

Reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides produce by cars

158
Q

What does Carbon monoxide do to you?

A

Stops you blood from carrying oxygen leading to fainting, coma or even death

159
Q

What’s photochemical smog and what can it cause?

A

A type of air pollution caused by slight acting on oxides of nitrogen produces ground level ozone which can cause breathing difficulties, headaches and tiredness

160
Q

What bad things does acid rain do?

A

Makes lakes acidic
Kills trees and damages limestone (statues and buildings)
Makes metal corrode

161
Q

What happens when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides mix with clouds?

A

Form dilute sulfuric and nitric acid which falls as acid rain

162
Q

What harmful gases are released when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides

163
Q

What are the main causes of acid rain?

A

Power stations and internal combustion engines

164
Q

How is human activity affecting the amount of carbon in the air?

A

More energy needed = more combustion
More countries being industrialised
More landed needed = deforestation = less photosynthesis
More people = more respiration

165
Q

What removes Carbon from the air and replaces it with oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

166
Q

Name 3 things which put Carbon back into the air and remove oxygen

A

Respiration
Combustion
Decay of plants and animals

167
Q

Name the percentage of things in our atmosphere

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.035% Carbon dioxide

168
Q

What was phase 3 of the creation of our atmosphere?

A

Ozone layer allows the evolution of complex animals

Build up of oxygen created ozone

169
Q

What was phase 2 of the creation of our atmosphere?

A

Water vapour condensed into oceans which Carbon dioxide dissolved into
Green plants evolved and produced oxygen
Lots of the CO2 locked up as fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
Nitrogen released by ammonia reacting with oxygen and denitrifying bacteria

Chemistry 1 (4 decks)

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