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Chemistry 1-2-3 > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are Thermochromic pigments?

A

-They change colour when they are heated or cooled

  • Used for:
    >mood rings
    >kettles
    >toys
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1
Q

What are Phosphorescent Pigments?

A

They:

  • glow in the dark
  • absorb and store energy
  • can be added to acrylic paints
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2
Q

What are colloids made of?

A
  • They are made of small, solid particles that are mixed well, with liquid particles
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3
Q

What is a solute?

A
  • A substance which gets dissolved
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4
Q

What is a solvent?

A
  • A liquid in which a substance is dissolved
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5
Q

What are Insoluble substances?

A
  • Substances that don’t dissolve in a liquid
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6
Q

What are soluble substances?

A
  • Substances that can dissolve in a liquid
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7
Q

What are Esters?

A
  • A family of compounds often used as perfumes

- Made by reacting an alcohol with an organic acid to produce an ester + water

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8
Q

How do Emulsifiers work?

A
  • They mix oil and water
  • They have two ends:
    > hydrophilic end attracts to water
    > hydrophobic end attracts to oil
    > the attraction holds oil and water together
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9
Q

What does it mean if a substance is volatile?

A
  • It evaporates easily
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10
Q

Name the four types of food additives?

A
  • Antioxidants
  • Food colours
  • Flavour enhancers
  • Emulsifiers
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11
Q

What is used to test for carbon dioxide?

A
  • Lime water
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12
Q

What happens when sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking powder) is heated?

A
  • It decomposes to make ‘sodium carbonate’ and ‘water’. ‘Carbon dioxide’ gas is also made
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13
Q

During cooking, what happens to plants cell walls?

A

-The heat breaks down the cell wall and the cells become soft

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14
Q

What happens during a chemical change?

A
  • New substances are formed
  • There is an energy change
  • It can’t be easily reversed
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15
Q

What happens to proteins when they are cooked/ heated?

A
  • When they are heated, the protein molecules change shape (denature)
  • It causes the texture and appearance of the food to change
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16
Q

What are the 3 ways to dispose of polymers?

A
  • Landfill sites
  • Burning polymers
  • Recycling polymers
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of plastics with strong forces between polymer molecules?

A
  • High melting points

- Rigid and can’t be stretched

18
Q

How are hydrocarbons made?

A
  • Hydrogen atoms react with carbon atoms to form covalent bonds
  • when this happens, carbon atoms share a pair of electrons with hydrogen atoms to make a covalent bond
19
Q

What is an Alkane?

A
  • A hydrocarbon chain with only single covalent bonds
  • ‘Saturated’ hydrocarbons
  • The main chain will only contain single carbon-carbon bonds (c-c)
20
Q

What are Characteristics of plastics with weak forces between polymer molecules?

A
  • Low melting points

- Can be stretched easily because the polymer molecules can slide over each other

21
Q

What is a polymer?

A
  • A very long chain molecule with repeating units
22
Q

What is polymerisation?

A
  • The process of Alkenes joining together to make a polymer

- this process needs high pressure and a catalyst

23
Q

What is a Monomer?

A
  • A small unsaturated molecule that can be used to make a polymer
24
Q

What is used to test for Alkenes or Alkanes ?

A
  • Bromine water
25
Q

What are Alkenes?

A
  • Hydrocarbon chains with one or more double carbon-carbon (c=c) covalent bonds
  • Have two shared pairs of electrons
  • Names of Alkenes always end in -ene
26
Q

How do catalytic converters work?

A
  • They contain catalysts which help polluting chemicals in exhaust gases to react with oxygen
27
Q

What do Catalytic converters do?

A
  • Change carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide
28
Q

Name three things humans do that affects the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

A

1- burning fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide

2- Deforestation means less carbon dioxide is removed

3- increase in world population

29
Q

How are Nitrogen Monoxide and Nitrogen Dioxide made in a car engine?

A
  • Nitrogen and Oxygen from the air react in the hot car engine
30
Q

What are Oxides of Nitrogen?

A
  • Formed in car engines

- cause photochemical smog and acid rain

31
Q

What is Carbon Monoxide?

A
  • A poisonous gas formed from incomplete combustion in a car engine
32
Q

How is Sulfur Dioxide made?

A
  • When fossil fuels that contain sulfur impurities are burned
  • Causes acid rain
33
Q

What are gas levels in the atmosphere maintained by?

A
  • Respiration
  • Combustion
  • Photosynthesis
34
Q

What is Incomplete Combustion?

A
  • When fuel burns without enough oxygen.
  • Some heat energy is released.
  • Incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon monoxide
  • When very little oxygen is provided, carbon and water are produced
35
Q

What is the equation for Incomplete combustion?

A

Methane + Oxygen = carbon monoxide + water

2CH4 + 3O2 = 2CO + 4H2O

36
Q

What is Combustion?

A
  • When fuels react with oxygen and burn which releases useful heat energy. Needs lots of oxygen
  • Many fuels are hydrocarbons
  • Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water
37
Q

What is the equation for Combustion?

A

Methane + Oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O

38
Q

What are forces between molecules?

A
  • In hydrocarbon molecules there are:

> strong covalent bonds between atoms

> weak intermolecular forces

> Intermolecular forces between longer hydrocarbons are stronger than forces between shorter hydrocarbons

39
Q

What is cracking?

A
  • Large Alkane molecules can be broken down into smaller, more useful, Alkane and Alkene molecules.
  • This process is called Cracking
  • requires a catalyst, high temperature and high pressure
  • used to make petrol from naphtha
40
Q

What is Fractional Distillation?

A
  • Because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points, crude oil can be separated into useful parts. This is fractional Distillation
  • Heated in a fractionating column
41
Q

What is crude oil?

A
  • Found in the Earths crust, pumped to the surface
  • spills into the sea = slick on the surface
  • can be harmful to wildlife
  • Used as a fuel, but is being used quicker than it is being produced
  • Mixture of many hydrocarbons
42
Q

What are polymers made of?

A
  • Tangled very long chain molecules

- The atoms are held together by strong covalent bonds

Chemistry 1-2-3 (3 decks)

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