C1&2: Anatomy & Venous Circulatory System

Question 1

Where is the majority of the body’s blood volume located?

Answer 1

In the veins (~2/3 of blood)

Question 2

Describe the relationship between pressure and volume in arteries and veins.

Answer 2

Arteries are high pressure and low volume

Veins are low pressure and high volume

Question 3

Which vessels control resistance to blood flow and pressure in the arterial tree?

Answer 3

Arterioles and precapillary sphincters (there also referred to as resistance vessels)

Question 4

How should at BP in the ankle compare to a BP in the arm?

Answer 4

They should be the same, or the ankle should be a bit higher…. this shows that arterioles control blood flow

Question 5

Where are lymph capillaries found and what are their function?

Answer 5

They’re found in capillary beds with blood capillaries.

They function to absorb excessive fluid in tissue which will eventually be returned to venous blood

Question 6

What are capacitance vessels?

Answer 6

Veins

Question 7

Describe venules

Answer 7

They’re tributaries of veins that collect blood from capillary beds

Question 8

What are vena combatants?

Answer 8

Paired veins the often accompany arteries

Question 9

What causes vein valves to close?

Answer 9

The reversal of blood

Question 10

Where are valves found in veins?

Answer 10

Where a tributary joins a larger vein and at varying intervals along main veins (mostly at the widest section of a vein)

Question 11

Where are the greatest number of valves found?

Answer 11

The number of valves increases as you move further away from the heart

Question 12

Which layer of the veins form the valves?

Answer 12

Tunica intima

Question 13

What is the tunica intima composed of?

Answer 13

A single layer of endothelial cells and some elastic cells

Question 14

What is the tunica media composed of?

Answer 14

Smooth muscles cells, collagen fibers and elastic fibers

Question 15

What is the tunica adventitia composed of?

Answer 15

Fibrous layers made of elastic tissue

Question 16

What is a vasa vasorum and where is it found?

Answer 16

A network of tiny vessels that supply the walls of larger veins and arteries with O2 and nutrients.

Found in the tunica adventitia

Question 17

Valves in veins usually have how many cusps?

Answer 17

Bicuspid

Question 18

At what level do the internal and external iliacs join to form the common iliac veins?

Answer 18

The level of the sacroiliac joint

Question 19

The internal and external iliac veins drain which structures?

Answer 19

IIV drains the pelvis organs and muscles

EIV drains the leg

Question 20

At what point does the CIV become the CFV?

Answer 20

The level of the inguinal ligament

Question 21

The CFV is located where in relation to the CFA?

Answer 21

Medial and posterior

Question 22

Which landmark can you look for to know you’re at the level of the CFV?

Answer 22

The femoral head

Question 23

Which two veins combine to form the CFV?

Answer 23

The deep femoral vein/profunda and the femoral vein/superficial femoral vein

Question 24

What is bifid and how common is it with the femoral vein?

Answer 24

The duplication of a vein, found in 25% of the population for the FV

Question 25

When we reach the distal portion of the FV, how is it coursing in the leg?

Answer 25

Coursing very deeply as it passes through the adductor canal/hiatus

Question 26

What is another word for the adductor canal?

Answer 26

Hunters canal

Question 27

What is one way to distinguish FV distal from Pop vein?

Answer 27

FV distal, the vein and artery will be coursing side by side Pop V, the vein will be more superficial to the artery

Question 28

Is the gastrocnemius/sural vein single or pairs? And what vessel does it empty into?

Answer 28

It is paired | Emptied into the Pop vein

Question 29

The Pop vein in formed by the confluence of which veins?

Answer 29

Anterior tibial veins (2) And Tibioperoneal trunk

Question 30

Where do the anterior tibial veins originate? And how do they course in the body?

Answer 30

Pedal vein in the foot | They course between the tibia and the fibula to join the tibioperoneal trunk

Question 31

Which veins combine to form the tibioperoneal trunk?

Answer 31

The posterior tibial veins and the peroneal veins

Question 32

Where do the posterior tibial veins originate and how to they course in the calf?

Answer 32

Originate from the confluence of the medial and lateral planter veins and travel up the medial aspect of the calf (Think that tibia in more medial and fibula)

Question 33

Where do the peroneal veins original and how do they course in the leg?

Answer 33

Originate from the foot and travel up the lateral aspect of the calf (posterior to the fibula)

Question 34

Do we ever assess the anterior tibial veins?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

What are the soleal sinuses? | What frequent pathology is found here?

Answer 35

Thick walled venous reservoirs in the soleal muscle. Frequent site of thrombosis

Question 36

The soleal sinuses empty into which vessel?

Answer 36

The PTV and the peroneal veins

Question 37

What is the most important function of the soleal sinuses?

Answer 37

They divert blood into deep veins

Question 38

What are some distinguishing feature of superficial veins?

Answer 38

They are superficial to muscle and they do not have a corresponding artery

Question 39

What’s ones main function of superficial veins?

Answer 39

Help regulate body temp

Question 40

What are perforator?

Answer 40

Veins the connect deep and superficial veins

Question 41

Does the GSV join the CFV superior or inferior to the inguinal ligament?

Answer 41

Inferior

Question 42

Where does the GSV originate?

Answer 42

Posterior to the medial malleolus

Question 43

Is the GSV connected in any other way to the deep venous system? (Other than with the CFV)

Answer 43

Yes, through perforating veins

Question 44

Which vein does the SSV empty into and where specifically along that vein?

Answer 44

Empties into the posterior aspect of the Pop vein above the popliteal fossa

Question 45

How does the SSV course in the calf?

Answer 45

Along the posterior calf between the gastroc muscle and lateral and posterior to the lateral malleolus

Question 46

Does the SSV connect to the GSV?

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

If a vein is more than 2 times the size of the artery and doesn’t change with respiration, then likely pathology is....?

Answer 47

Thrombus

Question 48

What are the four key assessments when performing nervous Doppler?

Answer 48

1) spontaneous flow (vein signals should be seen/heard without any compressions... indicated patency) 2) phasicity (Signals vary with breathing) 3) augmentation (Singalong increases with distal compression) 4) non pulsitility

Question 49

If we get an augmented signal with proximal compression, what does this indicate?

Answer 49

Valvular incompetence because the valves aren’t closing properly, allowing blood to flow backwards

Question 50

When might a vein show pulsatility?

Answer 50

If it is a larger vein near the heart OR if the individual is very hydrated, pulsatility may occur in the LE veins

Question 51

SVC if formed by the junction of which veins?

Answer 51

The brachiocephalic or innominate veins

Question 52

The innominate veins are formed by the junction of which veins?

Answer 52

The internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

Question 53

What areas do the EJV drain?

Answer 53

The superficial areas of the scalp and face

Question 54

What do the vertebral arteries drain?

Answer 54

The vertebrae, spinal cord and neck muscles

Question 55

what do the IJV drain?

Answer 55

Most of the blood from the brain and deep areas of the face and neck

Question 56

What are the dural sinuses?

Answer 56

Large chambers found between the dura mater layers that collect blood from the brain and drain it into the IJV

Question 57

What are the major dural sinuses?

Answer 57

Superior and Inferior Sagittal sinuses, straight, trans, cavernous, signed and petrosal sinuses

Question 58

What segments of the liver does the MHV drain?

Answer 58

The anterior segment of the R lobe, the medial segment of the L lobe and the caudate lobe

Question 59

Is the portal venous system separate from venous circulation?

Answer 59

Yes

Question 60

What is the approximate length and diameter of the MPV?

Answer 60

Length: 5.5-8cm Diameter: 1-1.1cm

Question 61

Does the MPV run anterior or posterior to the first part of the duodenum?

Answer 61

posterior

Question 62

Which 2 veins drain into the MPV and which 1 vein drains into the LPV?

Answer 62

Draining into MPV: L and R Gastric veins | Draining into LPV: Paraumbilical vein

Question 63

The SMV originates from where and from which veins?

Answer 63

The root of the mesentery and from the middle colic, right colic and ileocolic veins

Question 64

How does the SMV course compared to the third part of the duodenum?

Answer 64

Anteriorly

Question 65

Which 2 veins empty into the SV?

Answer 65

The left gastroepiploic vein and the short gastric veins

Question 66

Where does the IMV originate?

Answer 66

The anal canal

Question 67

Which veins are the primary route of drainage for the upper extremities?

Answer 67

The superficial venous system

Question 68

The axillary vein is formed by which 2 veins?

Answer 68

The brachial veins (2) and the basilic vein

Question 69

Where to the ulnar veins course in the arm? Where do the radial veins course?

Answer 69

Ulnar: medially Radial: Laterally

Question 70

Which 2 veins form the subclavian vein?

Answer 70

The cephalic and axillary

Question 71

Where does the cephalic empty into the axillary to become the subclavian vein?

Answer 71

media to the humeral head

Question 72

How does the cephalic vein course in the arm?

Answer 72

Up the lateral aspect

Question 73

Which muscles does the cephalic vein course through?

Answer 73

Between the deltoid and pectoralis muscle

Question 74

The medial cubital vein is a branch of what vein

Answer 74

The cephalic

Question 75

The cephalic vein forms which veins in the hand? The basilica vein forms which veins in the hand?

Answer 75

C: The lateral Dorsal arch of the hand L: the medial dorsal arch of the hand

Question 76

What are the 3 main perforating veins and where are they located?

Answer 76

1) Dodd's - located in medial thigh 2) Boyd's - located in medial calf 3) Cockett's - Located in the medial lower 1/3 of the calf

Question 77

From which organs does the portal venous system gather blood?

Answer 77

The bowel and the spleen

Question 78

Do the soleal sinuses contain values?

Answer 78

No

Question 79

Which vein empties more superiorly into the popliteal vein? The gastroc, or the SSV?

Answer 79

SSV

Question 80

The medial cubital vein connects which two veins in the arm?

Answer 80

The cephalic and basilic veins

Question 81

What vessels are referred to as exchange vessels

Answer 81

Capillaries

Question 82

What’s the avg total blood volume of an adult? | What’s the most common blood cells in blood?

Answer 82

5L RBCs

Question 83

What are the 2 tributaries of the subclavian veins?

Answer 83

Vertebral veins | EJVs

Question 84

Which veins are the largest veins in the neck and head

Answer 84

IJV

Question 85

What is the longest vein in the body

Answer 85

GSV

Question 86

Which veins in the upper extremities are paired

Answer 86

Brachial Ulnar Radial

Question 87

What % of the population has a duplicated femoral or popliteal vein

Answer 87

25%

Question 88

What is a popliteal fossa variant

Answer 88

High confluence of the ATV