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RAD TECH > C-spine > Flashcards

C-spine Flashcards

1
Q

The transverse process arises from both _____ and _____

A

pedicle and body

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2
Q

The vertebral artery + veins pass through the _____

A

transverse foramina

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3
Q

T or F : there are 3 foramina that run vertically of the cervical vertebrae

A

True (R/L transverse foramina, vertebral foramen)

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4
Q

What range of cervical vertebrae have short bifid tips?

A

C2-C6

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5
Q

T or F : the anterior edge of cervical vertebral bodies are slightly more inferior, which causes overlapping of vertebral bodies

A

True

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6
Q

What part of C1 is described as:
- between the superior and inferior articular processes, is a short column/pillar, supports the weight of the head and assist in rotation of the head

A

lateral mass

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7
Q

These joints are located at right angles (90 degrees) to the MSP, thus visualized only in a true lateral position (C2-C7 only)

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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8
Q

What projection can the C1 zyga joint be seen only in?

A

AP Open mouth projection

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9
Q

What is the joint called in between C1 and C2?

A

Atlantoaxial joint

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10
Q

The intervertebral foramina can be identified by the _____? (they form the superior and inferior boundaries of the foramina)

A

pedicles

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11
Q

The intervertebral foramina are situated _____ to the MSP and are directed at a _____ degree inferior angle because of shape and overlapping of cervical vertebrae

A

45 degree oblique and a 15 degrees inferior

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12
Q

T or F: To open up and demo the c-spine’s intervertebral foramina, a 90 degree position with a 15 degree cephalad angle would be required

A

False, 45 degree oblique position w/15 degree cephalad angle

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13
Q

There is no _____ on the atlas (C1) but anteriorly has a anterior arch

A

body

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14
Q

Rather than two laminae and a spinous process, C1 has a _____

A

posterior arch

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15
Q

Articulations between C1 and the occipital condyles of the skulls are called _____

A

Atlantooccipital joints

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16
Q

T or F: embryologically, the odontoid process is actually the body of C1 then during development it fuses to C2

A

True (considered part of C2 in mature skeletons)

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17
Q

T of F: rotation of the head primarily occurs between C1-C3 with the odontoid process acting as a pivot

A

False, occurs between C1-C2

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18
Q

T or F: articulations between C1-C2 (atlantoaxial jt) are symmetric, therefore the relationship of the odontoid to C1 should be symmetric

A

True (if asymmetric, cause is injury or improper positioning)

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19
Q

What are the three joints/articulations involved between C1 and C2? Name their classification, mobility type, and movement type

A

R+L lateral atlantoaxial and medial atlantoaxial. All are Synovial and Diarthrodial, movement type is plane/gliding for R-L lateral and trochoid/pivot movement for medial

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20
Q

Where is the medial atlantoaxial joint articulation located?

A

Between the odontoid process of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

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21
Q

List the classification, mobility type, and movement type for the atlantooccipital joint

A

Synovial, Diarthrodial, and Ellipsoid/condyloid

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22
Q

T or F: because the last 4-5 cervical vertebrae have slightly lipped appearance and along w/ its general shape, a 20 degree cephalad angle is required to open up the lower intervertebral spaces in an AP projection

A

True

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23
Q

What two anatomical areas of the c-spine hold important info to physicians? (Bc of their relationship between consecutive vertebrae)

A

Intervertebral foramina and zyga joints

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24
Q

Where the zyga joints located?

A

Between the articular pillars of each vertebra

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25
Q

What cervical vertebrae and located at the level of the mastoid tip or 2.5 cm below EAM?

A

C1

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26
Q

What cervical vertebrae is located at the level of the gonion?

A

C3

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27
Q

What cervical vertebrae is located at the level of the Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage?

A

C5

28
Q

T or F: the spinous process of C7 is at the same level as the body of T1

A

True

29
Q

If a patient is concerned about dose to their thyroid, what position can the tech do to reduce dose to the thyroid area? (Cspine projection)

A

C-spine oblique positioning in LAO/RAO instead of LPO/RPO position

30
Q

Kv range for analog system and digital systems for a c-spine?

A

Analog: 70-85 kV
Digital: 75-85 kV

31
Q

What are three ways scatter radiation can be reduced?

A

Close collimating, lead, and grid

32
Q

When would a grid not be used? (2 reasons)

A

If the anatomy is less than 10cm or for a lateral c-spine the IR placement is far therefore creating an air gap technique (this reduces scatter reaching IR)

33
Q

Name the pathology - results fr. hyperflexion of the neck that may include avulsion fractures (on spinous processes of C6-T1). best demo’d on a lateral c-spine

A

Clay Shoveler’s fracture

34
Q

Name the pathology - frequently associated w/ osteoporosis, involves collapse of a vertebral body which results fr. Flexion or axial loading. Anterior edge collapses, changing vertebral body into a wedge shape. Best demo’d on a lateral projection.

A

Compression fracture

35
Q

Name the pathology - fracture extends through pedicles of C2 with or w/out subluxation of C2 on C3. Happens when the neck is in extreme hyperextension

A

Hangman’s fracture

36
Q

Name the pathology - nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus (fibrous cartilage) into spinal cord causing pain, numbness radiating into extremities. Best demo’d in MRI, involves levels at L4-L5

A

Herniated Nucleus purposes (slipped disk)

37
Q

When positioning the patient for an AP open mouth, what is an important part position to align in order to see the odontoid?

A

Aligning the lower margin of the upper incisors to the BOS (mastoid tips)

38
Q

T o F: for an AP open mouth, the tongue does not obscure C1 and C2 so its position does not matter

A

False - keep the tongue in the lower jaw to prevent its shadow from superimposing the atlas and axis

39
Q

What anatomy should be demonstrated in an AP open mouth?

A

Dens + body of C2, transverse process + lateral mass of C1, and the atlantoaxial joint

40
Q

In an AP open mouth, how would you fix positioning if the teeth are superimposed on the upper dens

A

Reposition by slight hyperextension of the neck OR use a cephalic angle

41
Q

In an AP open mouth, how would you fix positioning if the BOS is superimposed on the upper dens

A

Reposition by slight hyperflexion of the neck OR use a caudad angle (BOS/upper incisors projected 2.5 cm for every 5 degree caudad angle)

42
Q

How can you detect if there is rotation in an AP open mouth? (3 things)

A

there should be equal distances from lateral masses/transverse processes of C1 to mandibular condyles, center alignment of spinous process of C2, and angle of mandible/mastoid tips equal distance fr. IR

43
Q

In an AP axial projection, explain what you would do to start positioning the patient

A

Ensure lower margin of upper incisors + BOS are perpendicular to the able and the tip of the mandible to BOS should be parallel to the angle of the CR

44
Q

what angle do you use for an AP axial projection? (supine vs. erect) and where is the centering located?

A

supine - 15 degrees cephalad + centered @ C4 (lower margin of thyroid cartilage)

erect - 20 degrees cephalad+ centered @ C4 (lower margin of thyroid cartilage)

45
Q

Why is it necessary to use a 15-20 degree cephalad angle for an AP axial projection?

A

To demo the intervertebral disk spaces

46
Q

For an AP axial, If a patient has severe kyphosis what angle would be used?

A

An angle more than 20 degrees (20 degrees is used for a more evident lordotic curvature)

47
Q

T or F the mandible and BOS should superimpose the first two cervical vertebrae for an AP axial projection

A

True

48
Q

Which vertebral bodies should be demonstrated on an AP Axial projection

A

C3-T2

49
Q

Where do you look if there is rotation on an AP Axial projection?

A

spinous processes/SI jts (if visible) should be equidistant fr. the lateral borders of the spinal column

50
Q

Why should both sides be examined when doing Oblique C-spines ?

A

for comparison purposes

51
Q

How should the chin be positioned for an AP oblique?

A

protracted to prevent mandible fr. superimposing vertebrae & elevated to place AML // with the floor

52
Q

T or F: in an AP oblique, elevating the chin too much will superimpose the BOS over C1

A

True

53
Q

Anterior Oblique c-spine positions use what type of angle and where is the CR? is the side being demo’d side up or side down

A

15-20 degree CAUDAD to C4 (@ level of upper margin of thyroid cartilage) & demonstrates the anatomy that is side down

54
Q

Do posterior Oblique c-spine positions demonstrate the side up or side down intervertebral foramina and pedicles?

A

Demos the side farthest from the IR
(LPO = right side)
(RPO = left side)

55
Q

What type of angle is used if the patient was in an RPO position?

A

15-20 degree CEPHALAD angle to CR

56
Q

To demonstrate the left side foramina/pedicles in an Oblique c-spine how can a patient be positioned?

A

LAO or RPO

if right side affected, RAO or LPO

57
Q

In an Oblique c-spine, where would the opposite on-end pedicles be located?

A

the opposite on-end pedicles are aligned along the anterior cervical body

58
Q

In an oblique c-spine, you are starting to see zyga joints, this indicates: over-rotation or under-rotation?

A

over-rotation

59
Q

In an oblique c-spine, if the intervertebral foramina and pedicles are obscured this indicates: over-rotation or under-rotation?

A

under-rotation

60
Q

A patient with spondylosis and osteoarthritis are clinical indications for what C-spine projection?

A

Lateral c-spine

61
Q

The _____ is aligned to the CR for a Lateral c-spine

A

MCP

62
Q

What are important instructions given to the patient in a Lateral c-spine to ensure visualization of C7-T1 ?

A

relax + drop shoulders down and forward as far as possible

63
Q

T of F: the AML in a Lateral C-spine should be // to the floor

A

True (chin is elevated)

64
Q

In a lateral c-spine, to prevent superimposition of the mandible on the upper vertebrae(C1-C2), the patient must _____

A

protract their chin

65
Q

Why should the Lateral c-spine be done at 72” (180 cm) SID?

A

To compensate for the increased OID and provide better spatial resolution

66
Q

If non-trauma, in a lateral c-spine what can be done to help depress the shoulders?

A

Give the patient 5-10 lb weights suspended fr. each wrist

67
Q

T or F: in a Lateral c-spine the intervertebral foramina, zyga jts, intervertebral jts, articular pillars, and spinous processes are demonstrated

A

False, all except the intervertebral foramina are shown

RAD TECH (4 decks)

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