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A2 Biology > [C] (Pt. 1) Neurology and Behaviour: THE BRAIN > Flashcards

[C] (Pt. 1) Neurology and Behaviour: THE BRAIN Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater which line the skull and vertebral canal + surround the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of meninges

Symptoms: Fever (+38C)/ being sick/ headache/ rash that does not fade when glass rolled over it (sometimes)/ stiff neck/ dislike of bright lights

Viral meningitis more common than bacterial (fatal)

Men. B vaccine for babies/ ACWY 18-25

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

4 connected cavities in brain into which cerebro-spinal fluid secreted (then pass into spinal canal)

(Right Lateral, Left Lateral, Third, Fourth)

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4
Q

Cerebro - Spinal Fluid

A

Resembles plasma:

  • Supplies nutrients e.g. glucose
  • Supplies O2 in solution (no RBCs so pale yellow)
  • Contains antibodies + WBCs (role resisting infection)
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5
Q

Regions Brain

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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6
Q

Hindbrain

A

Sustains basic homeostatic functions

1) Cerebellum
2) Medulla Oblongata

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Co-ordinates precision and timing in muscular activity (equilibrium and posture) + fine motor skills (vol.)

(Convoluted surface for cell bodies large no. neurones)

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Connects brain to spinal cord + controls invol, automatic functions (e.g. ventilation/ BP/ heartbeat/ balance)

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains nerve fibres linking hindbrain w forebrain (relay info for vision and hearing)

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10
Q

Forebrain

A

1) Limbic System - emotion/ learning/ memory
- Hippocampus
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus

2) Cerebrum
- Cerebral Cortex

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

Interacts w cerebral cortex

- Learning, reasoning, personality, permanent memory

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12
Q

Thalamus

A

Send and receive impulses from cerebrum (relay centre)

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

General functions (e.g. body temp/ blood solute conc, hunger, thirst, sleep)

Main controlling region autonomic n.s + links brain to endocrine system (pituitary gland)

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14
Q

Cerebrum

A

2 hemispheres (brain bilaterally symmetrical - left dominant) responsible for integrating sensory functions + voluntary motor functions

Source human intellect (vol behaviour, learning, personality/ etc) (mostly subconscious)

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Part peripheral n.s that controls automatic functions body (e.g. reflex actions) by antagonistic activity sympathetic + parasympathetic n.s

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16
Q

Sympathetic N.S

A

Neurotransmitter: Noradrenaline

Excitatory: Nervous impulses increase heart rate, BP, ventilation rate (“fight or flight” responses)

Cell bodies of neurones: Grey matter spinal cord + ganglions outside spinal cord

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17
Q

Parasympathetic N.S

A

Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine

Inhibitory: Decrease heart rate, BP, vent rate (“rest and digest”/ “feed and breed” responses)

Cell bodies of neurones: Brain + spinal cord + lie close to target organs

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18
Q

Effect of ANS on Heart Rate: Exercise

A
  • Blood pH decreases (+BP incr)
  • Cardio-acceleratory centre stimulated (in cardiovascular centre in medulla oblongata)
  • Nervous impulses travel sympathetic nerves to sino-atrial node (SAN)
  • Noradrenalin released
  • Noradr. binds to cell membrane receptors on SAN cells
  • Frequency of SAN’s electrical discharge increases
  • Heart rate increases
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19
Q

Effect of ANS on Heart Rate: Sleep

A
  • Cardio-inhibitory centre stimulated
  • Impulses travel parasympathetic nerves to SAN
  • ACh released
  • ACh binds to cell membrane receptors on SAN cells
  • Frequency of SAN’s electrical discharge decreases
  • Heart rate decreases
20
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Largest white matter structure brain (fibres connecting 2 bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres of cerebrum run through it) (left dominant)

21
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer 2-3mm of cerebrum

Grey matter surrounds white matter (unlike spinal cord) as myelinated axons deeper than unmyelinated cell bodies

22
Q

Lobes of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

23
Q

Lobes of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital

24
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Personality, reasoning, planning, emotion
  • Broca’s Area (motor aspects speech)
  • Motor Cortex
25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Learning, memory, process complex stimuli ( faces)
  • Auditory Cortex (sense sound)
  • Wernicke’s Area (written + spoken speech)

(not lateralised so neither dominant)

26
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Sense taste, visuo-spatial processing

- Somatosensory Cortex

27
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Primary Visual Cortex (vision)
28
Q

Areas of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Sensory, Motor, Association

29
Q

Neocortex

A

More complex/ larger cerebral cortex in mammals
Highly folded –> larger SA/ fit more neurones
High connectivity responsible higher cognitive function e.g. language

30
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Personality, reasoning, planning, emotion
  • Broca’s Area (motor aspects speech)
  • Motor Cortex
31
Q

Association Areas

A

Most of cerebral cortex

  • Receive impulses sensory areas
  • Initiate responses which are passed to motor areas
  • Associate new info w stored info to gen. meaning
  • Visual Association Area (interpret, store, process visual info)
  • Auditory Association Area (interpret, store, process auditory info)
32
Q

Stroke

A

Interruption to blood flow brain as cerebral artery fails deliver O2 to neurones so they die –> Cerebral Infarction
(heart attack is cardiac infarction)

  • Ischaemic stroke
  • Haemorrhagic stroke
33
Q

Sensory Areas/ Cortex (/Somatosensory Cortex)

A

Receive nervous impulses from sense receptors (via thalamus)

Nerves cross over in corpus callosum so sensory area in cortex one hemisphere process info receptors other side body

34
Q

Motor Areas/ Cortex

A

Send impulses through corpus callosum to effectors on other side body

35
Q

Association Areas

A

Most of cerebral cortex

  • Receive impulses sensory areas
  • Initiate responses which are passed to motor areas
  • Associate new info w stored info to gen. meaning
  • Visual Association Area (interpret, store, process visual info)
  • Auditory Association Area (interpret, store, process auditory info)
36
Q

Risk Factors Stroke

A

High BP (main), smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, age (70% strokes over 65)

(Diagnose w physical exam + imaging e.g. CT/MRI + blood test and ECG rule out other possible causes)

37
Q

Ischaemic Stroke

A
  • Most strokes (87%)
  • Blood vessel blocked (caused blood clot/thrombus at site or embolus in bloodstream)
  • If detected w/in 4 hrs can treated w medication to prevent/dissolve blood clots, reduce BP and reduce cholesterol
38
Q

Haemorrhagic Stroke

A
  • 13% strokes but more fatal
  • Caused bleeding in brain/ space around it
    (causes intense headache)
39
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Relative sensitivity different parts body in sensory cortex

Largest = Most sensitive/ highest density sense receptors
i.e. tongue, lips, fingers, genitals
(Areas brain receiving impulses correspondingly larger)

40
Q

Motor Homunculus

A

Motor control diff parts body in motor cortex

Largest = Most motor nerves
e.g. face (muscles facial expressions) + hands (muscles fine movements)

41
Q

Language and Speech Control

A

Left hemisphere in humans (lateralised)

  • Sensory areas are in visual + auditory areas
  • Wernicke’s Area = Association Area
  • Broca’s Area = Motor Area
42
Q

Cortical Homunculus

A

Drawing of relationship between complexity of innervation + diff. parts of body + areas in cerebral cortex that represents them

(Large = highest density sensory/ motor neurones)

43
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Motor Area that has motor control + grammar control speech
(Its motor neurones innervate muscles mouth, larynx, intercostal muscles and diaphragm to make sound)

Damage: Broca’s Aphasia

  • Can understand speech
  • Own speech slow/ungrammatical
44
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Association Area that interprets comprehension of written and spoken language

Damage: Wernicke’s Aphasia

  • Dont understand speech
  • Speak w fluency/grammatically but doesnt make sense (“word salad”)
45
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Motor Area that has motor control + grammar control speech
(Its motor neurones innervate muscles mouth, larynx, intercostal muscles and diaphragm to make sound)

Damage: Broca’s Aphasia

46
Q

Arcuate Fisculus

A

Bundle of nerve fibres connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (diff lobes but close)

Damage: Can understand written/spoken words but cannot speak

A2 Biology (4 decks)

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