C- Multi- Store Model Flashcards
what is memory (simple definition)
memory is the process in which information is stored, encoded, and retrieved.
Different types of memory are stored in
different places in the brain.
What is procedural memory?
procedural memory (knowing how) is the implicit memory of skills/how things are done.
what is Declarative Memory? what are its 2 types?
Declarative memory (knowing that)is explicit memory of facts/events.
Its two types are:
Episodic memory- personal recollection of a
specific
event at a given
time/place
Semantic memory- general knowledge of
facts/people not linked
to a time/place
case study for different types of LTM
Clive Wearing still had semantic and procedural memory, but episodic was severely affected- could still play complex piano pieces
shows procedural is distinct from declarative.
What is the multi-store model?
The multi-store model was the first model of memory suggested by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968.
—-rehearsal—
attention retrieval
sensory store——short term——Long term
-loss- -loss- transfer -loss-
what is coding?
the way that information is transformed into a form that can be stored as memory
what is duration?
the length of time that a memory store can hold information for
what is capacity?
the amount of information the memory store can hold
Describe the sensory store
Coding- all 5 senses
Capacity- Unlimited
Duration- 1/2 second (therefore hard to investigate)
describe the short-term memory store
coding- acoustically/phonetically/by sound
capacity- according to Miller- 7+/- 2 items/chunks of information
duration- 18-30 seconds
describe the long-term memory store
coding- semantically- by meaning/association/importance)
capacity- unlimited. unknown.
duration- a lifetime
last two are dubious but true info cannot be accessed.
what was the Trigram Retention Experiment?
AIM- investigate the duration of the STM store when no rehearsal is allowed.
METHOD- a nonsense trigram is read e.g. TRB and then asked to count backwards in 3’s for a period of time (‘retention interval’). at the sound of a tone, the participant would try to recall the trigram.
- counting backwards was a distractor task so no rehearsal was allowed.
RESULTS- 90% could recall the trigram after a 3s retention interval, 30% after an 18s interval.
CONCLUSION- without rehearsal, the duration of the STM is less than 18s
EVALUATION- lacks ecological validity (does not apply to real life), but findings have been replicated.
what key study gives evidence for MSM?
Murdock (1962)
A- To investigate whether there are separate stores for short term and long term memory.
M- 103 people were read a list of 10-40 words at a rate of 1 word every 1 or 2 seconds. They were then asked to recall as many words from the list as possible.
R- More words from beginning and end were remembered than middle- Primary effect- able to rehearse & transfer, Recency effect- most recently hear so still in STM.
C- there are separate stores for STM and LTM- primary effect shows that words are remembered due to rehearsal and transfer, Recency shows capacity of STM full
Evaluation of Murdock (1962)
+ Large sample size so increase in reliability
+ Varied list lengths and forms of presentation allowed for controlled response- no other variables
- lacks ecological validity
- Participants students- not representative
- Doesn’t account for any connections made between words to help them be remembered.
What case study supports MSM?
HM- Milner (1966)
- biking accident caused servere epilepsy as a child
- radical surgury removed large part of hippocampus
- did help with epilepsy, however HM now unable to form new explicit mempries or access LTM of last decade
- implicit memory unaffected- can still leran new tasks- star tracing task
- shows hippocampus incvolved with transfer of declarative memories from stm to ltm
