C. monitoring radiation areas D.MRI E. handling disposing radioactive material Flashcards
_______ areas are areas that are strictly supervised by a radiation safety officer
Restricted/controlled
restricted/ controlled areas have an occupational limit of radiation and cannot receive more than
1 rem per year
The Radiation symbol has three blades that are magenta, purple, or black on a yellow background
________ areas are areas that are not under the strict supervision of a radiation safety
- these areas are usually occupied by the general public
Unrestricted/uncontrolledUnrestricted/uncontrolled
- .5 rem per year
A “_____” sign Should be posted when a person may receive a dose
0.005 rem (5 mrem) (0.05 mSv) in one hour at 30 cm from a radiation source
radiation area
A “_______” sign should be posted when a person can receive a dose 0.1 rem (1 mSv) in one hour at 30 cm from a radiation source
high radiation area
A “_______” sign should be posted When a person can receive more than 500 rads (5 gray) in one hour at 1 meter from a radiation source
very high radiation area
“___________” should be posted in areas where sources of radiation are used and/or stored (example: patient with 1-131 )
Caution: Radioactive Materials
Radiation monitoring devices detect
low levels of radiation
Radiation monitoring Devices should be specific to the type of
radiation within the area
Areas with low levels of radiation require equipment sensitive enough to detect lower levels. Examples include
Ionization chambers, Geiger counters, TLDs, film, etc.
When designing a radiation therapy treatment room, it should be shielded to protect people from the
highest beam energy the machine can produce
Barriers must be designed so that the dose equivalent an individual receives does not exceed the ________ (whether occupational or the public)
maximum allowed dose
If a machine produces energies above 10 MV, then the room should also be shielded against
neutron contanimation
A _______ will be directly hit by the useful/primary radiation beam
primary barrier
Primary barrier formula information:
P = allowed dose equivalent for people in the area being protected
Workload (W) = weekly dose delivered at 1 m from the source for MV linacs
Use Factor (U): the amount of time the beam is aimed at a barrier
Occupancy factor (T) is the amount of time the bordering rooms will be occupied
Distance (d): distance from the source to the area being protected Expressed in meters
__________ are some materials that are used for barriers
Lead, tungsten, aluminum, and concrete
____is the most common barrier used and is the cheapest option
Concrete
Average thickness of concrete for a primary barrier is _____ for beams with energies of
- 2 meters
-15-18 MV
A _______ will be hit by scatter or leakage radiation. Not directly hit by the primary beam
secondary barrier
Average thickness of a secondary concrete barrier is 1 meter for ___ energy beams
18 MV
BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS: The potential injury to the patient and potential damage to the device or implant must be known prior to the
MRI procedure
Examples of _______ implants include aneurysm clips, implanted neurostimulators, implantable spinal fusion stimulators, electronically activated, implanted drug infusion pumps heart valve prostheses, ocular implants, dental implants, cochlear implants, vascular access ports and catheters, intravascular stents, filters and coils, breast tissue expanders and implants, and penile implants
biomedical
______clips made of pure titanium, titanium alloy, Elgiloy, MP35N, and Phynox are MR compatible
aneurysm
The FDA states that patients with implanted _______should not have an MRI. There are certain types of newer devices that are MR safe, but very strict procedures must be in place for these instances
neurostimulators
_________stimulators are MR safe, but also have specific safety guidelines to follow when performing MRIs
Implantable spinal fusion
_______infusion pumps with magnetic switches are not MR safe
implantable drug
_____valve prostheses do contain metal, but MRIs are not considered hazardous to these devices
Heart
_____ implants are generally not considered MR safe
ocular
Dental implants are typically MR safe, except those with
magnetically activated pieces
When foreign bodies are in the orbits during an MRI, ____ may occur
blindness
» Cochlear implants are not MR safe because MRIs can
damage the device
Vascular access ports and catheters are considered
MR safe
______ screening questions include questions such as potential or current pregnancies
This includes late menstrual cycles and fertility treatments
Pre- MRI
_______ must be discussed by patient, radiologist, and referring physician prior to performing an MRI
Risks and benefits
____ guidelines for safety of imaging a fetus with MRI have not been created
FDA
There have been no studies that show _____ side effects from an MRI during pregnancy
negative
_____Screening forms must include questions about permanent tattoos. Patients with tattoos or other permanent cosmetics may experience skin reactions with this. Reactions include tingling sensation, skin irritation, cutaneous swelling, and/or heating to burning sensations
MRI
Any medical equipment needed during the MRI must be
MR Safe
MR safe equipment has no ____ components
ferromagnetic
All patients should be properly screened for ____objects prior to entering MR environment
metal
Abide by ALARA and three cardinal methods of protection (time, distance, and shielding) when around and/or handling radioactive materials to keep exposure to a
minimum
When Handling and Disposing Radioactive Materials you Must wear proper personal protection and monitoring when handling
radioactive materials
Radioactive waste from medical facilities is typically considered _____waste and should be sent to a specific disposal facility. Disposal facilities store the radioactive waste in special ways in order to reduce exposure to the public
low-level
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Department of Transportation (DOT) work together to transport
radioactive wastes to storage and disposal sites
radioactive material and waste decays over time and eventually becomes
non-hazardous
Different radioactive materials have different lengths of
decay
________ is a federal agency that regulates the safe radioactive materials and protects the public health in regards to radioactive materials
NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
_______ is an agency that regulates the removal, storage and usage of nuclear waste
EPA ( environmental protection agency)
Nuclear waste can be disposed of by flushing it into a sewer system after the material has gone through
enough decay
________ helps to supervise and regulate the transportation of hazardous radioactive material
DOT ( department of transportation)
Radioactive materials can be disposed of after
ten half-lives
