C+L Exam 2 Flashcards
What is Pavlovian extinction procedurally
What is Pavlovian extinction procedurally
what is pavlovian extinction as a process
CR decreases to (or near) zero, i.e., it is
extinguished
Why is it important to understand Pavlovian extinction from a basic-science standpoint?
Extinction is not forgetting, it is just CS is paired with the absence of the US, the dogs are just learning NOT to salivate, its a form of learning
Example of Pavlovian extinction
training a dog to salivate at the sight of meat powder, then present the food without giving it to the dog, the dog then salivates less and less
Why is it important to understand Pavlovian extinction from an application, or practical, standpoint?
-Conditional responses can be weakened by repeatedly presenting the CS alone, -can be used for aversion therapy and boosting sessions to fight alcoholism, drug addiction, and various paraphilias
-Following extinction, the CS may elicit the CR again, and the CR may come back more readily, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery. Multiple extinctions reduce the likelihood that a CR will reappear, but they do not eliminate it
Does extinction erase prior learning?
no it doesn’t because of spontaneous recovery, reconditioning, reinstatement, and renewal.
define spontaneous recovery
extinguished CR reappears when CS occurs after some time without it (gives dog food…makes him salivate after time)
-power of first learned experiences and proactive effect
-reminiscent scent
scent of so(CS)——->Arousal (CR)
scent——> no arousal (After break up and lackluster encounters)
no scent for awhile
then you smell the scent again and the cr recovers
Define reconditioning
faster re-acquisition of a CR when the CS/US contingency returns
define reinstatement
brief exposure to (ONLY) the US reinstates the CR (war stimulus…anxiety….stops…car backfires…elicits anxiety again)
define renewal
after extinction if the CS is tested in a new context (room/location) the CR can also return
example of the renewal effect
you work on a fear of snakes in therapy and no longer are scared of snakes, but your recent trip to the zoo you see a snake and feel scared again
example of reinstatement
A boy fell off a swing at a playground and developed a fear of Swings. After therapy the boy is no longer scared of swings, but a few months later he walks past a playground and feels scared again
example of spontaneous recovery
you were bitten by a dog when you were younger and went to therapy for a fear of dogs. Ten years later your family gets a dog and you become scared again
procedure
what experimenters do, method
process
what we learn
example of reconditioning
us(i.e., canned food) is paired with a cs (i.e., an electric can opener). If the electric can opener were no longer followed by the food, the link between the sound of the electric can opener and food would become extinct. If the electric can opener were again followed by the canned food, the connection would then be reestablished and the link would be reconditioned.
ABA
Experimental group
ABC
control group
why is reconditioning important
averison therapy and booster sessions can be applied using this measure
-to train a response to reduce arousal to a US
-takes fewer pairings or trials for learning acquisition
why is renewal important
-our only context(Setting) related extinction phenomenon
-drug rehab
-environmental stimuli will help give power to learning
describe the procedures of watsons experiment
US(Loud Noise)—>UR(Startle/fear)
NS(Rat)—->US–>UR(fear too loud noise)
CS(Rat)—>US–CR(Startle/fear to the rat)
describe the importance, results and implications of watsons work
-responses to stimuli acquired through PC, responses were labeled fearful and anxious
-Pavlovian procedures can establish fears in people and other animals.
-Watson’s work not only improved our understanding of fears but also led to effective forms of treatment.
Using the appropriate technical terms (US, UR, CS, CR), describe a typical lab arrangement (other than Little Albert’s) that can be used to study fear conditioning
CS(Snake pictures)–>CR(GSR)
After enough trials the pictures of snakes become habituated to the extent where no GSR is present
CS(Snakes)—>US(Shock)—–>UR(reaction to shock)
CS(Snakes)–>CS(Shock)—>CR(reaction to pictures)
discrimination
absence of learning, spread to different stimuli. learning of CR does not spread to stimuli different than the CS. We don’t know what little albert fear without test trial
Generalization
spread of CR to similar stimuli, transference- fear transferred to other stimuli
crying due to seeing a rabbit, fur, monkey, or Santa mask
exposure therapy
when you are gradually exposed to a fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed.
steps of exposure therapy/ fear hierarchy
Step1: least frightening version of CS
2. Progressive relaxation
§ 20 minutes
§ separately target alternately different muscle groups (10 sec. of tension then 20 sec. relaxation)
3. Gradual exposure to aversive CS Final step: presentation of CS
in vivo exposure therapy
Gradual exposure to actual aversive CS and with “positive” US, the person is directly exposed to the frightening stimulus.
in vivo exposure example
Peter, a 3-year-old with a fear of rabbits. Jones started by bringing a rabbit in view, but she kept it far enough away that it did not disturb Peter as he ate a snack of crackers and milk. In this way, Jones paired a CS for fear (the sight of the rabbit) with a positive US (crackers and milk). The next day, Jones brought the rabbit closer to Peter, but not close enough to make uneasy. On each succeeding day, the experimenter brought the rabbit closer, always pairing it with crackers and milk, until Peter showed no fear even when Jones put the rabbit into his lap. Finally, Peter would eat with one hand and play with rabbit with the other.
systematic desensitization (non in-vivo)
a form of counterconditioning in which a patient imagines progressively troubling scenes while relaxed.
Imagining more and more intense versions of aversive CS while relaxed - Still fear hierarchy - Still progressive, or deep muscle, relaxation
graduated exposure hierarchy
list for patient to work through towards fear Extinction
critical points of fear hierarchy
- flexibility in number and type of steps
- flexibility in navigating steps
- sufficient exposure to each step
- additional features can be included like positive reinforcement and social support, pleasant US
at each step of a fear hierarchy there should be
sufficient exposure to CS without us without anything unpleasant in particular
example of systematic desensitization
For example, suppose you are afraid of speaking before a group of people. You and the therapist work up a list of situations related to public speaking and arranged from those that arouse little or no discomfort to those that you find terrifying. After this the therapist asks you to imagine the first scene, perhaps describing it for you in detail, and then instructing you in ways to relax. Thus, the scene (a CS for fear) is paired with a positive US (relaxation). When the initial scene no longer causes any discomfort, the therapist will move on to the next scene. This process continues until you feel at east imagining yourself speaking to a large audience.
advantages of in Vivo exposure therapy
efficacy (exposes client to actual feared stimulus, may be less costly, control over “programmed” stimuli
disadvantages of in systematic desensitization
less control over stimuli, still in need of generalized effects
advantages of systematic desensitization
various types of stimuli, may increase client compliance, can combine with in vivo exposure therapy
virtual reality exposure therapy
A recent variation of exposure therapy involves the technology called virtual reality. Virtual reality technology uses computer software, a helmet, and goggles to create a highly realistic electronic stimulation of an environment.
example of virtual reality exposure therapy
A person afraid of heights and wearing the helmet and goggles may, for example, see a bridge to her left, and turn toward it so that the bridge now appears to be in front of her. She may then approach the bridge, then step onto it and look over the side at the river far below.
disadvantages of in Vivo exposure therapy
sometimes not possible, client must volunteer, “chance” problems with real stimuli
advantages of virtual reality exposure therapy
considerable control stimuli, may enhance generalization towards real life encounters, also can combine with in vivo
disadvantages of virtual reality exposure therapy
availability, cost is high, still in need of generalized effects towards real life encounters
Using the appropriate technical terms (US, UR, CS, CR), describe what is involved in aversion therapy in the context of treating paraphilias.
a form of counterconditioning in which a CS is paired with an aversive US, often a nausea-inducing drug. In aversion therapy a CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is followed by a noxious US. When such therapy is effective, the stimuli that once elicited sexual arousal no longer do so and may even elicit feelings of anxiety and discomfort.
In the cases of relapse following aversion therapy, describe the results
Most people have total extinction and they elicit no desire but some have relapse. In fact, some paraphilias are resistant to all forms of treatment, and relapse is common. Even when treatment is helpful, “booster” sessions (periodic re-treatment) are often required to maintain the initial gains.
First, describe how aversion therapy is used to treat alcoholism (while identifying the US, UR, CS, and CR). Include the work of Voegtlin in your presentation
Voegtlin completed a study in which he gave medicine (emetine) to alcoholics in order to make them sick every time they had any amount of alcohol.
§ US - medicine
§ UR - sickness
§ CS - alcohol
§ CR - sickness elicited by alcohol/medicine
In the cases of relapse following aversion therapy of alcohol, describe the contributions of extinction
sight/smell of alcohol without US (medicine/nausea)
In the cases of relapse following aversion therapy of alcohol, describe the contributions of renewal
people who associated with “drinking friends” were more likely to relapse
Preparatory response Theory study of drugs
a researcher gave three groups of rats, some of which had never received heroin before, a strong dose of the drug. Some of the heroin-experienced rats received the test dose in the same place they had received previous doses; others received the same does in a novel setting. The results were clear-cut. The dose was lethal for 96% of the inexperienced rats, but for experienced rats mortality depended on where they received the drug. Of those injected in a familiar environment, 32% died; of those injected in a new environment, 64% died. In the novel environment, the CSs that normally would evoke the conditional response (the physiological changes that suppress the body’s reaction to the drug) were absent, so the drug hit with far greater force
Describe how Pavlovian conditioning is thought to be involved in the development of prejudice.
It is acquired largely through the association of a particular group (or words and images representing or resembling that group) with negative words or images. Thus, prejudice can be acquired with little or no personal contact with members of a group. Research also shows that the same kids of experiences that produce prejudice can reverse it, though the more “training” in hate a person has had, the more difficult it is to change their feelings.
describe the importance of higher-order conditioning in Pavlovian conditioning in the development of prejudice.
You can reverse it with HOC by pairing the person with positive words and images then it will produce a positive outcome
How can Pavlovian conditioning be used to make you rich in the world of advertising?
advertising can be viewed as the business of creating conditioned emotional responses toward products. One way marketing experts do this is by pairing products they want to sell with items that already arouse positive emotions. Advertising is not so much about providing information about a product as it is about creating conditioned emotional responses to those products.
describe how higher order conditioning is involved in the world of advertising
happens when they pair a new product with one of their popular products which is called co branding, they are pairing two things to hopefully created the same response about the new product. Another technique is to pair competing products with items that arouse negative emotions.
example of higher-order conditioning in advertising
A competitor’s trash bag, for example, may be shown falling apart, leaving garbage all over the kitchen floor, or a cat may be shown turning its back on a competitor’s cat food.
Describe, using the appropriate technical terms (US, UR, CS, CR), how conditioned taste aversion is studied (i.e., know the procedures, results, and implications of Garcia et al., 1955).
Garcia and his colleagues (1955) gave rats a choice between ordinary tap water and saccharin-flavored water. The rats preferred the sweet-tasting water. Then Garcia exposed some of the rats to gamma radiation while they drank the sweet-tasting water, which caused nausea. These rats later avoided saccharin-flavored water. Moreover, the higher the radiation level, the stronger the aversion to sweet water.
§ CS - sweet water
§ US - gamma radiation
Also understand the role of CTA in the different animal populations discussed by Chance
Our understanding of how conditioning produces food aversions has led to some important practical applications. One such area is livestock management. For example, livestock that graze in meadows are subject to poisoning by eating toxic plants. About 2-3% of grazing livestock die from eating poisonous plants. If animals can be trained not to eat those plants, this will not only mean less suffering for them, but substantial savings for ranchers and for consumers.
· Other studies confirm the benefits of conditioned food avoidance with cattle, goats, and sheep. In even appears that mice and rats can acquire an aversion to a farmer’s food grains.
Chance discusses some interesting effects of Pavlovian conditioning in the context of health care, broadly defined, Understand these effects in terms of both their practical importance and how they are understood by appealing to basic terms in classical conditioning (i.e., conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Pavlovian conditioning shows promise as a means of diagnosing and studying medical problems, including deafness, autism, and dementia. Through conditioning, we may soon be able to enhance the immune response to help people fight off diseases such as cancer.
-If a neutral stimulus is paired with a drug or procedure that facilitates immune functioning, that stimulus might become a CS for stronger response from that immune system.
Preparatory response Theory
Theory of Pavlovian conditioning that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the appearance of the US.
example of generalization
§ Albert crying at the sight of anything furry is a generalization
