C- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123518/

Question 1

C1- background info

Answer 1

• Early Greek physician-scientists, such as Aristotle, (384 – 322 BC) and Erasistratus, (304 – 258 BC), performed experiments on living animals

Question 2

C2- background info

Answer 2

• Galen (129 – 199 / 217 AD), a Greek physician conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology

Question 3

C3- background

Answer 3

• Ibn Zuhr introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients.

Question 4

C4- why it began

Answer 4

• In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation ‘Elixir Sulfanilamide’. DEG was poisonous to humans, but the company’s chief pharmacist and chemist was not aware of this. Gave it to humans anyways and killed more than 100 people
• The public outcry caused by disasters of poisoning humans led to the passing of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requiring safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed.

Question 5

C5- history

Answer 5

• • In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG)