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1. Science 7 > C Heat and Temperature > Flashcards

C Heat and Temperature Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heat? Is heat something different from heat energy?

How is heat different from kinetic energy and thermal energy?

A

Heat and heat energy mean the same thing:

  • energy, not a substance
  • heat energy travels from matter at higher temperatures to matter at lower temperatures

heat is a term used to mean the energy that is transferring between substances and implies that the energy is transferred

Use thermal energy instead if you want to talk about the general movement of particles within a substance. Thermal energy is the sum of the movement of particles within a substance.

Thermal energy is the sum of kinetic energy but only the kinetic energy from internal movement. Thermal energy (temperature) is a special type of kinetic energy. It is not the energy of a whole object itself moving - it is the total energy of motion, rotation, and vibration of the atoms and molecules inside an object.

Kinetic energy refers to the energy possessed by an object due to its motion, and it can be calculated using the equation that uses mass and velocity where ‘k’ represents the kinetic energy, ‘m’ denotes the mass of the object, and ‘v’ represents its velocity.

This card is really important and there will be test questions on this content.

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2
Q

What is the official unit of heat energy?

A

joule (J)

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3
Q

What are examples of heat related technologies?

A
  • forced-air heating
  • electric heaters
  • air conditioners
  • fire
  • central heating
  • chimneys
  • cast-iron stoves

rough sequence of heating technology inventions:
fire –> central heating but not with coal –> chimneys –> fireplaces in walls –> cast-iron stoves –> central heating with coal –> forced-air heating –> electric heaters

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4
Q

sustainable

A

something can be maintained or continued

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5
Q

states of matter

A
  • solid
  • liquid
  • gas
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6
Q

melting point

A

the temperature at which the matter changes from solid to liquid

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7
Q

boiling point

A

temperature at which matter changes from liquid to gas

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8
Q

particle model of matter

A

a) all matter is made up of TINY particles
b) the particles are always MOVING
c) adding heat makes the particles move FASTER
d) there is SPACE between the particles

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9
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement

(not to be confused with heat, which is energy that is moving from hot to cold)

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10
Q

compare different states of matter

A
  • solid has least amount of particle movement, gas has the most
  • solids have particles that are attached to each other in all directions so can only vibrate but not travel
  • liquids have loose attractions between particles
  • gases have no set shape and particles are not connected
  • solids and liquids have definite volume (vs. gases fill the container and change density)
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11
Q

temperature

A

how hot or cold matter is measured on a scale (such as degrees Celcius)

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12
Q

thermal energy

A

sum of all kinetic energy that the substance contains, so if you have more of the substance at the same temperature, the thermal energy will be higher

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13
Q

thermal energy

A

sum of all kinetic energy in a substance

this means that more of the substance at the same temperature makes more thermal energy

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14
Q

thermal expansion

A

when a substance takes up more space because of an increase in thermal energy

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15
Q

What happens when the thermal energy of a solid decreases?

A
  • solid contracts
  • volume decreases
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16
Q

methods of heat transfer

A
  • conduction
  • convection
  • radiation
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17
Q

conduction

A
  • transfer of heat energy between substances that are in contact with each other
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18
Q

conductor

A
  • material that allows easy transfer of heat
  • metals are good conductors
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19
Q

insulator

A

material that does not allow easy transfer of heat

  • styrofoam is a good insulator
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20
Q

convection currents

A
  • hot matter rises because it is less dense than cold matter of the same type
  • this causes a vacuum underneath the hot matter that is rising so the substance will come in from the sides to fill the space
  • if you heat something from below (such as sun heating the ground or a pot of water on the stove being heated by the element) then a current will occur since the matter is being heated more lower down and that will push up starting the current
  • convection currents happen in liquids and gases such as air or water
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21
Q

radiation

A
  • does not require movement of particles to transfer energy
  • radiant energy is transfered with invisible waves
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22
Q

infrared waves

A
  • the method of energy transfer for radiant energy
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23
Q

good reflectors of radiant energy

A
  • light colours or white
  • shiny materials
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24
Q

Natural sources of thermal energy

A
  • sun
  • geothermal energy (center of the Earth)
  • fires
  • decay
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25
passive vs. active heating systems
- passive means to reduce heat loss and let the building have lots of windows facing south - active is using technology to pump hot air or water into colder places or to light a fire and then direct the heat towards something cold
26
three components of active solar heating
- collector - heat storage unit - heat distribution system
27
thermostat
- maintains the heat at a consistent temperature
28
local heating system
- provides heat for only one room
29
central heating system
heat transfers through pipes, ducts, or vents or openings to other places around the building e.g. forced-air heating or hot-water heating are two different examples
30
refrigerant
- evaporates at a very low temperature creating freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator - evaporation is a process that absorbs heat so when the refrigerant evaporates, that heat is taken with it
31
thermal conductivity
the ability to transfer heat by conduction
32
alternatives for thermal energy (instead of burning fossil fuels)
- wind energy - nuclear energy - hydro-electric power
33
cogeneration
- the production of two forms of energy at the same time from one energy source electricity and heat could be generated together and is common
34
What are the temperature ranges faced in outer space?
-118°C to 132°C
35
What is the average surface temperature on Venus?
464°C
36
What is the average surface temperature on Pluto?
-229°C
37
What must we control when venturing into space?
Air, pressure, and temperature
38
What is the main source of energy for the International Space Station (ISS)?
Solar power
39
How many countries contributed to the creation of the ISS?
16 countries
40
What is the size comparison of the ISS?
The same size as a large airplane
41
How many laboratories are contained within the ISS?
Six laboratories
42
How many humans can live in the ISS at one time?
Seven humans
43
Fill in the blank: The ISS orbits at a height of ______ km above Earth.
366
44
True or False: The ISS is the most complex space environment ever created.
True
45
What does 'EMU' stand for?
Extravehicular Mobility Unit ## Footnote The EMU is a special space suit designed for astronauts working outside a spacecraft.
46
What is the primary purpose of the EMU?
To provide a controlled environment for astronauts working outside the shuttle or space station ## Footnote Astronauts wear the EMU during extravehicular activities.
47
What temperature range can the EMU's temperature control technology handle?
-150°C to 120°C ## Footnote This range is crucial for protecting astronauts from extreme space conditions.
48
What materials are used in the construction of the EMU?
Hard fiberglass shell and special fabric ## Footnote This combination protects against tiny meteorites and harsh environmental conditions.
49
What are the components of the EMU?
* Liquid cooling and ventilation garment * Electrical harness * Upper torso * Lower torso * Communications carrier assembly * Insuit drink bag * Extravehicular visor assembly * Maximum absorption garment * Display and control module * Primary life-support subsystem * Service and cooling umbilical * Battery * Airlock adaptor plate * Secondary oxygen pack ## Footnote These components work together to ensure astronaut safety and functionality in space.
50
What is the weight of the EMU?
48.5 kg ## Footnote The suit is heavy, necessitating careful design to ensure astronaut mobility.
51
How do astronauts keep their hands warm in the EMU?
Heated gloves with little heaters in the fingertips ## Footnote This feature allows astronauts to activate warmth as needed.
52
What additional feature helps keep astronauts' feet warm in the EMU?
Thermal booties ## Footnote These booties cover the toes and provide necessary insulation.
53
True or False: The EMU allows astronauts to turn off the cooling system.
True ## Footnote This feature provides flexibility in temperature management.
54
Fill in the blank: The EMU is designed for astronauts working _______.
outside the controlled environment of the shuttle or the space station
55
What is essential for scientists working on space suit technology?
A strong understanding of heat and temperature ## Footnote This knowledge is crucial for developing heat technologies for both space and Earth.
56
What do we need to survive in winter climates?
Warm clothes ## Footnote Heating systems are also necessary to keep homes warm.
57
What type of heat energy is essential for survival?
Heat energy used to supply basic heat needs ## Footnote This includes heating for homes and clothing.
58
What is an example of non-essential activities that use heat energy?
Drying our hair and using dishwashers ## Footnote These activities, while convenient, are not critical for survival.
59
How can we use our understanding of heat and temperature sustainably?
By ensuring we use our energy resources responsibly ## Footnote This involves evaluating heat energy consumption in daily activities.
60
What temperature is mentioned as being outside in the weather report?
-30°C
61
What happens to your comfort level when sitting in front of a window with the sun at -30°C?
You feel comfortable in a T-shirt
62
Why do you need to put on warm clothes when going outside in -30°C?
Going out in a T-shirt could be dangerous
63
What was the early belief about the nature of heat until around 1600?
Heat was thought to be a combination of fire and air
64
What did scientists conclude heat was after conducting experiments?
An invisible fluid called caloric
65
What does the caloric theory explain about a spoon in a bowl of soup?
The spoon becomes warm all the way to the end of the handle
66
What key question arose that challenged the caloric theory?
Why didn't the mass of the soup and the spoon change?
67
What conclusion did scientists reach about heat after further experimentation?
Heat is a form of energy
68
What is the source of heat energy according to the text?
The movement of the tiny particles that make up all matter
69
What important distinction did the investigation of heat lead to?
The difference between heat and temperature
70
What is the Franklin stove designed for?
A dual-purpose heating system
71
Who invented the Franklin stove?
Benjamin Franklin
72
Fill in the blank: The Franklin stove served as a fireplace when the front was _______.
opened
73
Fill in the blank: The Franklin stove served as a cooking stove when the door was _______.
closed
74
True or False: Heat has mass according to the caloric theory.
True
75
What did the caloric theory fail to explain regarding mass?
The mass of the soup and spoon remained unchanged
76
What is the official unit of heat energy?
joule ## Footnote The joule is the standard unit for measuring heat energy.
77
How is power defined?
Energy per unit of time ## Footnote Power measures how quickly energy is used or produced.
78
What is the official unit of power?
watt (W) ## Footnote One watt is equivalent to one joule per second (W = 1 J/s).
79
How many watts are in one kilowatt?
1000 W ## Footnote A kilowatt is a larger unit of power commonly used in electricity billing.
80
How many joules are in one kilowatt-hour?
3600000 J ## Footnote One kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 million joules.
81
How many kilowatt-hours are in a gigajoule?
0.2778 kWh ## Footnote One gigajoule equals approximately 0.2778 kilowatt-hours.
82
What is culture?
A learned way of life shared by a group of people ## Footnote Culture encompasses various aspects such as food, clothing, and values.
83
What are some components of culture?
* Food * Clothing * Shelter * Family life * Recreation * Education * Language * Values and beliefs ## Footnote These elements contribute to the way a group meets its basic needs.
84
How does technology influence culture?
Technology changes culture as it evolves ## Footnote New technologies create demands for higher levels of technological development.
85
Give an example of technology changing culture.
Inventions of clothes dryers and protective clothing such as ski suits ## Footnote These technologies illustrate how cultural practices adapt to technological advancements.
86
What shapes the culture of people?
The environment in which they live ## Footnote Environmental factors, such as climate, significantly influence cultural practices.
87
How does climate influence Canadian culture?
It affects lifestyle and technology related to heat ## Footnote Understanding heat is essential for housing, clothing, and recreational activities in Canada.
88
What daily examples illustrate the need to understand heat?
* Homes * Buildings * Clothing * Food * Recreational activities ## Footnote These aspects of daily life highlight the importance of heat management.
89
True or False: Kilowatt-hours and gigajoules are used on household heating bills.
True ## Footnote Both units are relevant in the context of energy consumption for heating.
90
What are needs?
Basic, required conditions that we must meet in order to live.
91
How do wants differ from needs?
Wants stem from needs but are not vital to our survival.
92
What is the temperature range in which human life can exist?
Just below 0°C to about 45°C.
93
Why do humans build shelters?
To keep the temperature of the environment within livable limits.
94
What are examples of technologies that help control temperature in shelters?
* Furnaces * Air conditioners
95
What do we do when we cannot control the temperature of our environment?
We dress in specific clothing.
96
How does temperature affect food storage and preparation?
Too cold causes freezing; too warm can cause food to spoil.
97
At what temperature must chicken be cooked to be safe to eat?
At high temperatures.
98
What factors influence the kinds of physical activities people partake in?
The temperature of the environment.
99
Fill in the blank: Needs are necessary for _______.
[survival]
100
True or False: All wants are vital to our survival.
False
101
What significant technological advancement occurred around 7000 B.C.?
Humans create fire. ## Footnote This marks one of the earliest uses of heat technology.
102
What heating development did the Romans achieve around 100 B.C.?
Romans develop central heating. ## Footnote This technology allowed heat to travel from one source to different areas of a building.
103
When did chimneys first appear in Europe?
A.D. 1200. ## Footnote Chimneys represented a significant advancement in heating technology.
104
What was a notable heating technology in the 1300s?
Fireplaces with chimneys are built into the walls of buildings. ## Footnote This innovation improved the efficiency of heating systems.
105
What type of stoves became popular in the 1700s?
Cast-iron stoves heat rooms evenly. ## Footnote These stoves prevented heat from escaping up the chimney.
106
What heating technology appeared in the late 1700s to 1800s?
Central heating using coal. ## Footnote This marked a transition to more efficient heating systems.
107
What was introduced in heating technology in 1906?
Electric heaters. ## Footnote This innovation represented a shift towards electric heating solutions.
108
What has been developed to generate heat?
Technologies have been developed to generate heat ## Footnote This includes various methods and devices designed to produce heat for different applications.
109
What is the consequence of heat-generating technologies?
They have come with a cost to the environment ## Footnote This refers to the negative impacts such as pollution and resource depletion associated with these technologies.
110
What is the first step in making effective choices?
Separating what you need from what you want ## Footnote This principle applies to both individual and group decision-making.
111
How is the standard of living in North America characterized?
North Americans have a fairly high standard of living ## Footnote This includes a measure of well-being and the level of technology used in daily life.
112
What is an example of a tool that is often taken for granted?
Microwave ovens ## Footnote Microwave ovens make cooking easier and faster but are not essential for survival.
113
Fill in the blank: Many people could survive without _______.
microwave ovens
114
What is hyperthermia in the context of cancer treatment?
The use of heat to kill cancer cells ## Footnote While not a traditional treatment, it may help some individuals in battling cancer.
115
True or False: Hyperthermia is a traditional cancer treatment.
False ## Footnote Hyperthermia is considered a supplementary option rather than a standard treatment.
116
What does sustainable mean?
Sustainable means that something can be maintained or continued. ## Footnote This concept is crucial in discussions about resource use and environmental impact.
117
Why are personal and societal choices regarding heat energy important?
They affect our ability to live in a sustainable way.
118
What does sustainable use of resources aim to achieve?
To use resources wisely and do as little damage as possible to the environment.
119
What are examples of sources of heat energy that may run out in the future?
Fossil fuels like natural gas and oil.
120
Which source of heat energy will not run out for millions of years?
The sun.
121
Can the sun's energy completely replace the fuels used for heat energy?
No, the sun's energy cannot completely replace them.
122
What is needed for a sustainable use of heat energy?
A variety of sources of heat energy.
123
Fill in the blank: Sustainable use of resources means using resources _______.
[wisely and with minimal environmental damage]
124
What should you check to learn about your family's heating resources?
Your family's heating bill for clues.
125
What energy units might you find on a heating bill?
Gas or electricity units.
126
Which form of energy is typically cheaper for heating, gas or electricity?
Gas.
127
What other sources do people use for heat?
Additional sources may include wood, propane, and renewable energy.
128
What can energy from the sun be used for?
Heating buildings and water, and producing electricity.
129
What is everything in the universe made up of?
Matter ## Footnote Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
130
What are the three states of matter?
* Solid * Liquid * Gas ## Footnote These states can change when heat energy is added or removed.
131
How does heat affect matter?
By causing a change of state ## Footnote This occurs by adding or taking away heat energy.
132
What is heat energy?
A form of energy that transfers from matter at higher temperatures to matter at lower temperatures ## Footnote Heat energy is crucial for changing states of matter.
133
Fill in the blank: Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and _______.
Gas
134
What happens to an ice cube placed in a hot frying pan?
It melts to a pool of water, then bubbles and turns to steam ## Footnote This demonstrates the change of state from solid to liquid to gas.
135
What is the change of state from solid to liquid called?
Melting ## Footnote This process occurs when heat energy is added.
136
True or False: Heat energy can only be added to matter.
False ## Footnote Heat energy can be both added and taken away.
137
What is the result of adding heat energy to water in a frying pan?
It begins to bubble and steam rises ## Footnote This indicates the transition from liquid to gas.
138
What happens to water when it freezes?
Water expands when it freezes.
139
How does the density of solid ice compare to liquid water?
Solid ice is less dense than liquid water.
140
What is the result of ice being less dense than liquid water?
Ice floats on water.
141
Give an example of ice floating.
Ice cubes in a glass of water or ice chunks in a lake.
142
True or False: If solid ice were more dense than water, it would float.
False.
143
Fill in the blank: Water expands when it _______.
freezes.
144
What happens to water when it freezes?
Water expands when it freezes.
145
How does the density of solid ice compare to liquid water?
Solid ice is less dense than liquid water.
146
What is the result of ice being less dense than liquid water?
Ice floats on water.
147
Give an example of ice floating.
Ice cubes in a glass of water or ice chunks in a lake.
148
True or False: If solid ice were more dense than water, it would float.
False.
149
Fill in the blank: Water expands when it _______.
freezes.
150
What is water in the solid state called?
Ice ## Footnote Ice is the solid form of water.
151
What is the freezing point of water?
0°C ## Footnote This is the temperature at which water changes from a liquid to a solid state.
152
What process occurs when heat energy is transferred to ice?
Melting ## Footnote Melting occurs when ice changes from a solid to a liquid state.
153
What is the melting point of water?
0°C ## Footnote This is the same temperature at which water freezes.
154
What happens when heat energy is continuously transferred to liquid water?
It boils and changes to a gas state ## Footnote This transformation occurs at the boiling point.
155
What is the boiling point of water?
100°C ## Footnote This is the temperature at which water transitions from a liquid to a gas state.
156
What is the process called when water vapor changes to a liquid state?
Condensation ## Footnote Condensation occurs when heat energy is removed from water vapor.
157
At what temperature does condensation occur?
100°C ## Footnote This is the temperature at which water vapor condenses into liquid water.
158
Describe the seasonal changes of water in Canada.
Water evaporates in summer, freezes in autumn, solidifies in winter, and melts in spring ## Footnote These changes can be observed in rivers, ponds, lakes, and streams.
159
What can matter do when heat energy is added or taken away?
Change state
160
What happens to a solid when it melts?
It becomes a liquid
161
What occurs when a liquid boils?
It becomes a gas
162
What happens to a gas as it cools?
It returns to its liquid state
163
What occurs when enough heat energy is removed from a liquid?
It becomes solid again
164
What model have scientists developed to explain changes of state?
Particle model of matter
165
What is matter made up of?
Extremely tiny particles ## Footnote Matter is composed of particles that are not visible to the naked eye.
166
What is true about the movement of particles in matter?
The tiny particles of matter are always moving ## Footnote This movement is a fundamental characteristic of all forms of matter.
167
What type of energy is associated with the movement of particles?
Kinetic energy ## Footnote Kinetic energy is the energy of movement that each particle possesses.
168
How does the amount of space between particles vary?
Different states of matter have different amounts of space between the particles ## Footnote States of matter include solid, liquid, and gas.
169
What instruments are used to see particles of matter?
Electron microscopes ## Footnote These powerful instruments can magnify objects at a molecular level.
170
What happens to particles when heat is added to matter?
The particles move around faster ## Footnote This increased movement results from the added energy from heat.
171
Fill in the blank: Faster-moving things have more _______.
Kinetic energy ## Footnote Kinetic energy increases with the speed of movement.
172
What effect does adding heat have on the kinetic energy of particles?
It increases the kinetic energy of the particles ## Footnote Heat energy transfers to the particles, causing them to move faster.
173
What are the four statements in the particle model of matter?
- all matter is made up of extremely tiny particles - the particles of matter are always moving - adding heat to matter makes the particles move around faster - the particles have space between them
174
What is the particle model of matter?
A theory that explains the properties of matter based on the movement and arrangement of particles.
175
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of movement.
176
Describe the particle arrangement in a solid state.
Particles are attached to each other in all directions, resulting in a definite shape and volume.
177
What is the volume of a solid?
The amount of space that matter occupies.
178
How do particles in a solid move?
They move back and forth only around a fixed position.
179
Compare the kinetic energy of particles in a solid to those in a liquid.
Particles in a solid have less kinetic energy than those in a liquid.
180
Describe the particle arrangement in a liquid state.
Particles are loosely attached and can easily slip past each other.
181
What shape does a liquid take?
The shape of its container.
182
Does a liquid have a definite volume?
Yes, a liquid has a definite volume.
183
How do the spaces between particles in a liquid compare to those in a solid?
They are usually larger, allowing for greater movement.
184
What is the kinetic energy of particles in a liquid compared to those in a solid?
Particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than those in a solid.
185
Describe the particle arrangement in a gas state.
Particles are not connected to one another.
186
What shape does a gas have?
A gas has no set shape.
187
How do the spaces between particles in a gas compare to those in solids or liquids?
They are much larger.
188
What allows gas particles to have the highest levels of kinetic energy?
The greatest freedom of movement.
189
What effect does heat have on the speed of moving particles?
Heat increases the movement or kinetic energy of the particles.
190
What happens to the kinetic energy of particles when heat is transferred from a substance?
The kinetic energy of the particles decreases.
191
Fill in the blank: Kinetic energy is the energy of _______.
movement.
192
True or False: A solid has a definite shape and indefinite volume.
False.
193
True or False: Gas particles are loosely attached to one another.
False.
194
What is the arrangement of particles in a solid?
Solid particles are packed closely together. ## Footnote Strong attractions, or bonds, hold the particles together.
195
What happens to the shape of solids?
Solids have a fixed shape. ## Footnote The particles vibrate, or shake back and forth, in a fixed position.
196
How do particles behave when heat is transferred to a solid?
Particles vibrate more energetically and move farther away from one another. ## Footnote The solid expands - its volume increases.
197
What occurs during the melting of a solid?
Particles vibrate more, bump against one another, and some break loose. ## Footnote The solid structure begins to break down - the solid melts.
198
What is the energy level of particles in a liquid compared to a solid?
Particles have more kinetic energy to move about. ## Footnote The bonds that hold the particles together are weak.
199
What shape do liquids take?
Liquids take on the shape of their containers. ## Footnote The particles can move more freely compared to solids.
200
What happens to a liquid when heat is transferred to it?
Particles move more vigorously and farther apart. ## Footnote The liquid expands - its volume increases.
201
What occurs during the boiling of a liquid?
Particles bump and bounce around more, some are 'kicked' out of the liquid. ## Footnote The liquid boils - it changes to a gas.
202
How do gas particles behave?
Gas particles move about very quickly in all directions. ## Footnote Bumping and bouncing keep them far apart.
203
What happens to gas particles when heated?
Gas particles spread out even more - the gas expands. ## Footnote Gas particles will fill up the space of any container.
204
What is the lowest possible temperature known as?
Absolute zero or -273.15 C ## Footnote Absolute zero has never been achieved but scientists have come close in a lab.
205
How does thermal energy compare between two substances at the same temperature?
The substance with more mass has more thermal energy ## Footnote For example, a pot of soup has more thermal energy than a cup of soup at the same temperature.
206
What is temperature a measure of?
How hot or cold matter is ## Footnote Temperature is commonly encountered in daily life, such as checking the weather or setting an oven.
207
What happens to heat energy when a pot of soup is placed on a hot stove?
Heat energy transfers from the burner to the soup ## Footnote This causes the temperature of the soup to increase.
208
What is the thermal energy of a substance?
The total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains ## Footnote Measuring thermal energy involves assessing the kinetic energy of all particles in the substance.
209
True or False: Heat energy and temperature are the same.
False ## Footnote Heat energy refers to the total energy transferred, while temperature measures the average energy of particles.
210
Fill in the blank: The soup in the pot has more _______ than the soup in the cup.
Thermal energy ## Footnote This is due to the greater number of particles in the pot compared to the cup.
211
What is the temperature of soup that has been stored in a cupboard?
About 20°C ## Footnote This is considered room temperature.
212
What occurs when heat energy is transferred to a substance?
Its temperature increases ## Footnote This is demonstrated when heating soup on a stove.
213
What does a larger amount of a substance contain in terms of particle energy?
More kinetic energy ## Footnote Therefore, larger amounts of substances have greater thermal energy.
214
What is the lowest possible temperature known as?
Absolute zero or -273.15 C ## Footnote Absolute zero has never been achieved but scientists have come close in a lab.
215
How does thermal energy compare between two substances at the same temperature?
The substance with more mass has more thermal energy ## Footnote For example, a pot of soup has more thermal energy than a cup of soup at the same temperature.
216
What is temperature a measure of?
How hot or cold matter is ## Footnote Temperature is commonly encountered in daily life, such as checking the weather or setting an oven.
217
What happens to heat energy when a pot of soup is placed on a hot stove?
Heat energy transfers from the burner to the soup ## Footnote This causes the temperature of the soup to increase.
218
What is the thermal energy of a substance?
The total kinetic energy of all the particles the substance contains ## Footnote Measuring thermal energy involves assessing the kinetic energy of all particles in the substance.
219
True or False: Heat energy and temperature are the same.
False ## Footnote Heat energy refers to the total energy transferred, while temperature measures the average energy of particles.
220
Fill in the blank: The soup in the pot has more _______ than the soup in the cup.
Thermal energy ## Footnote This is due to the greater number of particles in the pot compared to the cup.
221
What is the temperature of soup that has been stored in a cupboard?
About 20°C ## Footnote This is considered room temperature.
222
What occurs when heat energy is transferred to a substance?
Its temperature increases ## Footnote This is demonstrated when heating soup on a stove.
223
What does a larger amount of a substance contain in terms of particle energy?
More kinetic energy ## Footnote Therefore, larger amounts of substances have greater thermal energy.
224
What is the definition of heat in scientific terms?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one substance to another because of differences in kinetic energy. ## Footnote Heat transfer occurs when there is a temperature difference between substances.
225
In the soup example, what causes the soup to become hot?
Kinetic energy transfers from the particles in the hot stove burner to the cooler soup. ## Footnote This process is an example of heat transfer.
226
What happens to the kinetic energy of water particles when heat is transferred from a flame to a spoon?
The kinetic energy of the water particles in the spoon increases. ## Footnote This increase in kinetic energy results in a rise in temperature.
227
What occurs when a spoon is placed in the freezer?
Kinetic energy transfers from the water particles in the spoon to the particles of the cold air in the freezer. ## Footnote This results in a decrease in the kinetic energy of the water particles.
228
What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy according to the particle model?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Coldness or 'hotness' of an object reflects the kinetic energy of its particles.
229
How is temperature defined?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is. ## Footnote It reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles it contains.
230
True or False: Heat transfer occurs from areas of lower kinetic energy to areas of higher kinetic energy.
False. ## Footnote Heat transfers from areas of higher kinetic energy to areas of lower kinetic energy.
231
Fill in the blank: The temperature of an object represents the __________ of the particles it contains.
average kinetic energy ## Footnote This concept is essential in understanding thermal dynamics.
232
What is the definition of heat in scientific terms?
Heat is the energy that transfers from one substance to another because of differences in kinetic energy. ## Footnote Heat transfer occurs when there is a temperature difference between substances.
233
In the soup example, what causes the soup to become hot?
Kinetic energy transfers from the particles in the hot stove burner to the cooler soup. ## Footnote This process is an example of heat transfer.
234
What happens to the kinetic energy of water particles when heat is transferred from a flame to a spoon?
The kinetic energy of the water particles in the spoon increases. ## Footnote This increase in kinetic energy results in a rise in temperature.
235
What occurs when a spoon is placed in the freezer?
Kinetic energy transfers from the water particles in the spoon to the particles of the cold air in the freezer. ## Footnote This results in a decrease in the kinetic energy of the water particles.
236
What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy according to the particle model?
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Coldness or 'hotness' of an object reflects the kinetic energy of its particles.
237
How is temperature defined?
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is. ## Footnote It reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles it contains.
238
True or False: Heat transfer occurs from areas of lower kinetic energy to areas of higher kinetic energy.
False. ## Footnote Heat transfers from areas of higher kinetic energy to areas of lower kinetic energy.
239
Fill in the blank: The temperature of an object represents the __________ of the particles it contains.
average kinetic energy ## Footnote This concept is essential in understanding thermal dynamics.
240
What is the temperature conversion equation from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
C = 5/9(F - 32) ## Footnote This formula allows conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures.
241
What is thermal energy?
The total kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Thermal energy is influenced by the number of particles and their motion.
242
How is heat defined?
The energy that transfers from a substance with higher kinetic energy to one with lower kinetic energy. ## Footnote Heat is a process of energy transfer, not a property of a substance.
243
What does temperature measure?
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Temperature reflects how hot or cold a substance is based on particle motion.
244
Who conducted an experiment to demonstrate the inaccuracy of touch in measuring temperature?
John Locke. ## Footnote Locke's experiment involved placing hands in water of different temperatures to show variability in sensation.
245
What did John Locke's experiment involve?
Placing one hand in hot water, one in cold water, then both in lukewarm water. ## Footnote The differing sensations in each hand illustrated the need for reliable temperature measurement.
246
Who invented the first device for measuring temperature?
Galileo Galilei. ## Footnote His invention in the 1590s laid the foundation for later thermometers.
247
Who developed the Fahrenheit scale?
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. ## Footnote This scale was established in the early 1700s and is still used in the United States.
248
What temperature scale did Anders Celsius create?
Degrees Celsius. ## Footnote Celsius's scale was introduced in 1742 and is widely used in Canada.
249
True or False: Thermal energy, heat, and temperature are the same concepts.
False. ## Footnote Each term represents a different aspect of energy and heat transfer.
250
Fill in the blank: The scale that Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit created is known as _______.
degrees Fahrenheit. ## Footnote This scale is commonly used in the United States for temperature measurement.
251
What did Locke's findings contribute to the development of?
The modern-day thermometer. ## Footnote His work emphasized the need for scientific measurement tools.
252
What was the purpose of John Locke's experiment?
To prove that the sense of touch is not an accurate way to measure temperature. ## Footnote This led to the realization of the need for more precise temperature measuring instruments.
253
What is the temperature conversion equation from Fahrenheit to Celsius?
C = 5/9(F - 32) ## Footnote This formula allows conversion between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures.
254
What is thermal energy?
The total kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Thermal energy is influenced by the number of particles and their motion.
255
How is heat defined?
The energy that transfers from a substance with higher kinetic energy to one with lower kinetic energy. ## Footnote Heat is a process of energy transfer, not a property of a substance.
256
What does temperature measure?
The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. ## Footnote Temperature reflects how hot or cold a substance is based on particle motion.
257
Who conducted an experiment to demonstrate the inaccuracy of touch in measuring temperature?
John Locke. ## Footnote Locke's experiment involved placing hands in water of different temperatures to show variability in sensation.
258
What did John Locke's experiment involve?
Placing one hand in hot water, one in cold water, then both in lukewarm water. ## Footnote The differing sensations in each hand illustrated the need for reliable temperature measurement.
259
Who invented the first device for measuring temperature?
Galileo Galilei. ## Footnote His invention in the 1590s laid the foundation for later thermometers.
260
Who developed the Fahrenheit scale?
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. ## Footnote This scale was established in the early 1700s and is still used in the United States.
261
What temperature scale did Anders Celsius create?
Degrees Celsius. ## Footnote Celsius's scale was introduced in 1742 and is widely used in Canada.
262
True or False: Thermal energy, heat, and temperature are the same concepts.
False. ## Footnote Each term represents a different aspect of energy and heat transfer.
263
Fill in the blank: The scale that Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit created is known as _______.
degrees Fahrenheit. ## Footnote This scale is commonly used in the United States for temperature measurement.
264
What did Locke's findings contribute to the development of?
The modern-day thermometer. ## Footnote His work emphasized the need for scientific measurement tools.
265
What was the purpose of John Locke's experiment?
To prove that the sense of touch is not an accurate way to measure temperature. ## Footnote This led to the realization of the need for more precise temperature measuring instruments.
266
What is the oldest form of thermometer known?
Thermoscope ## Footnote A device used to show the expansion of air with an increase in temperature, lacking a scale.
267
Who invented a form of air thermometer known as a thermoscope?
Galileo ## Footnote Galileo's thermoscope is a notable example of this type of thermometer.
268
What type of thermometer was used to measure temperature via water expansion?
Water expansion thermometer ## Footnote This type of thermometer utilized the expansion of water to indicate temperature changes.
269
What was the first sealed liquid thermometer known for?
More accurate than the thermoscope ## Footnote It improved measurement precision compared to earlier devices.
270
Who developed the first widely used measuring scale for temperature?
Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit ## Footnote He also perfected the use of mercury in liquid thermometers.
271
What is the centigrade scale later renamed?
Celsius scale ## Footnote Developed by Anders Celsius.
272
What significant thermometer was patented in the modern form?
Mercury-in-glass clinical thermometer ## Footnote This thermometer became a standard for clinical use.
273
Where was the electrical-resistance thermometer invented?
Germany ## Footnote It uses an electrical current to measure temperature.
274
What type of thermometer was introduced for home use in the 1970s?
Digital thermometer ## Footnote It operates similarly to the electrical-resistance thermometer but has a digital scale.
275
What is the function of an infrared thermometer?
Measures temperature using an infrared sensor ## Footnote Particularly useful for measuring body temperature in infants.
276
Fill in the blank: The _______ thermometer uses a small tip inserted into the human ear to measure body temperature.
Infrared ## Footnote This method allows for quick temperature readings.
277
What happens to the volume of solids, liquids, and gases when heat is transferred?
The volume of each object is affected by heat transfer. ## Footnote A small amount of heat transfer may not be noticeable, but a significant difference can impact everyday life.
278
What is an example of the particle model at work?
The change in volume caused by heat transfer. ## Footnote This illustrates how particles behave differently with temperature changes.
279
What occurred to the concrete basketball court after a very cold winter?
Several large cracks appeared in the concrete. ## Footnote This demonstrates the effects of temperature changes on solid materials.
280
Why did the metal bolt fit into the metal nut that had been sitting in the sun?
The bolt expanded due to heat, making it fit. ## Footnote The nut that was in the shade did not expand, which is why it did not fit.
281
Fill in the blank: Thermal energy can be converted into _______.
flight ## Footnote This concept is illustrated by the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon.
282
What did Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier do in 1783?
They lit a fire under a large balloon to heat the air inside it. ## Footnote This experiment demonstrated the principles of buoyancy and thermal expansion.
283
What happened to the thick glass mug when boiling water was poured into it?
The mug cracked. ## Footnote This occurred because the mug was chilled and the sudden temperature change caused stress.
284
How does heated air inside a balloon affect its density?
Heated air is less dense than the surrounding air. ## Footnote This difference in density allows the balloon to rise.
285
True or False: A small amount of heat transfer does not affect the volume of an object.
True ## Footnote While minor heat transfer may not be noticeable, significant changes can have observable effects.
286
What is the main concept illustrated by the examples given in the text?
The effects of heat on the volume of materials. ## Footnote These examples highlight practical applications of thermal expansion and contraction.
287
What happens to the volume of solids, liquids, and gases when heat is transferred?
The volume of each object is affected by heat transfer. ## Footnote A small amount of heat transfer may not be noticeable, but a significant difference can impact everyday life.
288
What is an example of the particle model at work?
The change in volume caused by heat transfer. ## Footnote This illustrates how particles behave differently with temperature changes.
289
What occurred to the concrete basketball court after a very cold winter?
Several large cracks appeared in the concrete. ## Footnote This demonstrates the effects of temperature changes on solid materials.
290
Why did the metal bolt fit into the metal nut that had been sitting in the sun?
The bolt expanded due to heat, making it fit. ## Footnote The nut that was in the shade did not expand, which is why it did not fit.
291
Fill in the blank: Thermal energy can be converted into _______.
flight ## Footnote This concept is illustrated by the Montgolfier brothers' hot air balloon.
292
What did Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier do in 1783?
They lit a fire under a large balloon to heat the air inside it. ## Footnote This experiment demonstrated the principles of buoyancy and thermal expansion.
293
What happened to the thick glass mug when boiling water was poured into it?
The mug cracked. ## Footnote This occurred because the mug was chilled and the sudden temperature change caused stress.
294
How does heated air inside a balloon affect its density?
Heated air is less dense than the surrounding air. ## Footnote This difference in density allows the balloon to rise.
295
True or False: A small amount of heat transfer does not affect the volume of an object.
True ## Footnote While minor heat transfer may not be noticeable, significant changes can have observable effects.
296
What is the main concept illustrated by the examples given in the text?
The effects of heat on the volume of materials. ## Footnote These examples highlight practical applications of thermal expansion and contraction.
297
What happens to the volume of a solid when its thermal energy increases?
The volume increases, and the solid expands.
298
What is the process called when a substance expands due to an increase in thermal energy?
Thermal expansion.
299
What occurs when the thermal energy of a solid decreases?
The volume decreases, and the solid contracts.
300
What are expansion joints used for?
To accommodate the expansion and contraction of materials in bridges, highways, and railroad tracks.
301
Which professionals need to consider thermal expansion in their work?
Engineers, construction workers, steelworkers, and those laying gas pipelines.
302
How do liquids and gases respond to changes in thermal energy?
They expand when thermal energy increases and contract when it decreases.
303
True or False: Liquids expand less than solids when heated.
False.
304
Fill in the blank: When heat transfers to a solid, it _______.
[expands].
305
Fill in the blank: When heat transfers from a solid, it _______.
[contracts].
306
What happens to the space between metal joints when temperatures rise?
The space between the metal joints closes up.
307
Which state of matter usually expands more than solids but less than gases?
Liquids.
308
What is a simple example of expansion and contraction of a liquid?
A thermometer with alcohol that expands when heated and contracts when cooled ## Footnote The alcohol rises in the glass tube when warm and drops when cool.
309
How does temperature affect gases in terms of expansion and contraction?
Gases expand when heated and contract when cooled ## Footnote This is illustrated by helium balloons that appear to wilt in cold temperatures.
310
What happens to helium balloons when taken out in cold weather?
They become smaller and wrinkled due to contraction ## Footnote Balloons return to their original condition when warmed back up.
311
What was the maximum speed of a steam-powered automobile recorded in 1906?
205 km/h ## Footnote This showcases the speed capabilities of steam cars before the rise of internal combustion engines.
312
What led to the decline of steam-powered automobiles by the 1930s?
The popularity of the internal combustion engine ## Footnote Steam cars had almost disappeared due to advancements in engine technology.
313
Fill in the blank: In a thermometer, the liquid _____ when heated and _____ when cooled.
expands; contracts
314
True or False: The contraction of gases is only observed in extreme cold.
False ## Footnote Gases can contract at various temperatures, not just extreme cold.
315
What principle is demonstrated by the behavior of helium balloons on a cold night?
The principle of gas contraction due to temperature drop ## Footnote Balloons lose volume and buoyancy in colder temperatures.
316
What was a significant technological advancement in automobiles during the early 20th century?
The internal combustion engine ## Footnote This engine type became more popular than steam power, leading to the decline of steam cars.
317
What is conduction?
The transfer of heat energy between substances that are in contact with each other.
318
How does heat transfer occur in a metal spoon placed in hot chocolate?
Particles in the hot chocolate bombard the particles in the spoon, causing them to move faster and increase thermal energy.
319
What happens to the particles in the spoon that are not in contact with the hot chocolate?
They become warm due to the movement of particles within the spoon.
320
Describe the process of energy transfer in the spoon.
Fast-moving particles in the spoon bump into their neighbors, causing a chain reaction of increasing particle speed throughout the spoon.
321
True or False: In conduction, particles move from one end of the substance to the other.
False
322
Fill in the blank: A special thermal protection system prevents space shuttles from _______ on re-entering Earth's atmosphere.
burning up
323
What temperature can the special ceramic tiles developed by NASA withstand?
Nearly 400°C
324
How many special tiles are attached to the underside of a space shuttle?
Approximately 33,000
325
What causes the intense heat experienced by space shuttles during re-entry?
The high speed compresses the air.
326
What is the direction of heat transfer during conduction?
From areas of greater kinetic energy to areas of less kinetic energy.
327
What is an example of conduction?
Placing a hot water bottle next to cold skin.
328
What happens to the skin when heat transfers from a hot water bottle?
The skin becomes warm due to energy transfer between particles.
329
In which states of matter is conduction most common?
Solids.
330
What are materials that allow easy transfer of heat called?
Conductors.
331
Give an example of a good conductor of energy.
Metals.
332
What are insulators?
Materials that do not allow easy transfer of heat.
333
Name three good insulators.
* Plastic * Cork * Wood
334
What do insulators do to heat transfer?
They reduce the amount of heat that can transfer from a hotter object to a colder one.
335
How are insulators used in household products that use heat?
They are often combined with conductors to create safe tools.
336
True or False: Conduction is common in gases.
False.
337
Fill in the blank: Materials that are poor conductors of heat are known as _______.
Insulators.
338
What is convection?
Heat transfers through the movement of liquid or gas particles from one area to another
339
In which states of matter does convection occur?
Liquids and gases
340
What are convection currents?
Circular patterns of particle movement in liquids or gases due to heat transfer
341
How does heat transfer to a pot of water on the stove?
Heat transfers from the hot burner to the bottom of the pot by conduction
342
What happens to the kinetic energy of water particles when they are heated?
It increases, causing the particles to move faster and spread farther apart
343
What occurs when water at the bottom of the pot expands?
It becomes less dense and rises to the surface
344
What happens to cooler water particles at the top of the pot?
They are pushed aside by rising warm water and sink to the bottom
345
As water moves away from the heat source, what happens to its temperature?
It cools down slightly
346
What happens to the cooler water when it reaches the top of the pot?
It transfers energy to the air and cools down even more
347
How does cooler water behave in relation to warmer water in the pot?
Cooler water drops down along the sides, while warmer water rises
348
What maintains the continuous pattern of convection currents?
Ongoing heat transfer from the hot burner
349
Fill in the blank: Convection occurs only in _______ and _______.
liquids, gases
350
True or False: In convection, only heat moves, while particles remain stationary.
False
351
What role does density play in convection currents?
Less dense water rises, while more dense water sinks
352
Describe the cycle of convection currents in the pot of water.
Warm water rises, cooler water sinks, and this process repeats
353
What is convection?
Heat transfers through the movement of liquid or gas particles from one area to another
354
In which states of matter does convection occur?
Liquids and gases
355
What are convection currents?
Circular patterns of particle movement in liquids or gases due to heat transfer
356
How does heat transfer to a pot of water on the stove?
Heat transfers from the hot burner to the bottom of the pot by conduction
357
What happens to the kinetic energy of water particles when they are heated?
It increases, causing the particles to move faster and spread farther apart
358
What occurs when water at the bottom of the pot expands?
It becomes less dense and rises to the surface
359
What happens to cooler water particles at the top of the pot?
They are pushed aside by rising warm water and sink to the bottom
360
As water moves away from the heat source, what happens to its temperature?
It cools down slightly
361
What happens to the cooler water when it reaches the top of the pot?
It transfers energy to the air and cools down even more
362
How does cooler water behave in relation to warmer water in the pot?
Cooler water drops down along the sides, while warmer water rises
363
What maintains the continuous pattern of convection currents?
Ongoing heat transfer from the hot burner
364
Fill in the blank: Convection occurs only in _______ and _______.
liquids, gases
365
True or False: In convection, only heat moves, while particles remain stationary.
False
366
What role does density play in convection currents?
Less dense water rises, while more dense water sinks
367
Describe the cycle of convection currents in the pot of water.
Warm water rises, cooler water sinks, and this process repeats
368
What is the direction of heat transfer by convection?
From an area of greater kinetic energy to one of lesser kinetic energy
369
What happens to air near a heater when it heats up?
It expands, becomes less dense, and rises
370
What occurs when cooler air moves in to take the place of rising warm air?
Convection currents form
371
How can convection contribute to heat loss in homes?
It causes heat loss through windows
372
Why did people use storm windows in the winter?
To reduce drafts and provide extra insulation
373
What is the role of the air space between inner and outer windows?
Provides insulation because air is a poor conductor of heat
374
What was a problem with old storm windows?
They lost a lot of heat due to convection currents forming between the panes
375
What do energy efficient windows do to reduce heat transfer?
Prevent convection from occurring between the panes of glass
376
Which gases are often used in energy efficient windows to improve performance?
Argon or krypton
377
Why are argon and krypton better insulators than air?
They do not move as easily in convection currents as air does
378
Fill in the blank: Convection currents in air move from areas of _______ to areas of lesser kinetic energy.
greater kinetic energy
379
True or False: Air is an efficient conductor of heat.
False
380
What is one effect of convection currents in a cold room with a heater?
The entire room eventually becomes warm
381
Fill in the blank: The extra insulation of storm windows comes from the _______ between the inner and outer windows.
air space
382
What are the three ways that heat transfer occurs?
Conduction, convection, and radiation ## Footnote Radiation is the third method that does not rely on particle movement.
383
How does radiation differ from conduction and convection?
Radiation does not rely on the movement of particles ## Footnote Conduction and convection involve particle movement to transfer heat.
384
What is radiant energy?
Energy transferred from its source by radiation ## Footnote Heat is one type of radiant energy.
385
What type of waves transfer heat as radiant energy?
Invisible waves called infrared waves ## Footnote These waves can travel great distances.
386
What happens to the particles in an object when they come into contact with radiant energy?
The particles increase in kinetic energy and move faster ## Footnote This results in the object becoming hotter.
387
What sensation do you feel when holding your hand near a hot object without touching it?
Warmth from the heat transferred by radiation ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of radiant energy transfer.
388
What happens to the temperature inside a car parked in the sun?
It becomes hot due to the absorption of the sun's heat ## Footnote Different materials absorb heat to different extents.
389
How do light-coloured and dark-coloured clothing affect heat absorption?
They affect the absorption of the sun's heat differently ## Footnote Dark colours typically absorb more heat than light colours.
390
True or False: Radiation requires particles to transfer heat.
False ## Footnote Radiation can occur in a vacuum, where there are very few particles.
391
Fill in the blank: Heat is only one type of _______.
radiant energy ## Footnote Radiant energy encompasses various forms of energy transfer.
392
What is the effect of sunlight on a cold day?
The sun's radiation can still heat surfaces like the floor ## Footnote This shows that radiation can transfer heat even in cold conditions.
393
Which planet is closest to the sun?
Mercury
394
Which planet has a higher average surface temperature than Mercury?
Venus
395
What are good reflectors of radiant energy?
Shiny and light coloured objects
396
What type of clothing would you choose on a hot, sunny day to stay cool?
Light-coloured clothing
397
What type of objects are good at absorbing radiant energy?
Dark and dull objects
398
Fill in the blank: Dark colours are good at absorbing _______.
radiant energy
399
What happens to the skin on the soles of people's feet on a black sand beach at the hottest point of the day?
It will begin to burn if they run barefoot
400
True or False: Objects that are dark and dull reflect radiant energy well.
False
401
What is an example of a location with black sand beaches?
Parts of Europe, the Caribbean, or the South Pacific
402
What is Earth's natural source of thermal energy?
The sun ## Footnote The sun's energy is often referred to as solar energy, derived from the Latin word 'sol' meaning Sun.
403
What type of energy do all fires convert fuel into?
Thermal energy, light energy, and often sound energy ## Footnote Fires consume fuels like wood, oil, coal, or natural gas to produce energy.
404
What is geothermal energy?
Thermal energy from deep inside the Earth ## Footnote 'Geo' means Earth and 'thermal' means heat. This energy is utilized in places like Iceland and New Zealand.
405
What process releases thermal energy from dead plants and animals?
Decay ## Footnote The breakdown of organic matter during composting generates thermal energy.
406
Fill in the blank: The word 'solar' comes from the Latin word _______.
sol
407
True or False: Geothermal energy is primarily located on the surface of the Earth.
False ## Footnote Geothermal energy is found deep inside the Earth.
408
List the fuels that fires can consume.
* Wood * Oil * Coal * Natural gas
409
Fill in the blank: The thermal energy produced by decaying matter can be felt when _______.
composting
410
What are the two main types of thermal energy sources mentioned?
* Solar energy * Geothermal energy
411
What is solar energy?
Energy given off by the sun
412
What is the most important source of thermal energy for life on Earth?
Solar energy
413
How is solar energy produced?
By nuclear reactions that happen inside the sun
414
How often does the level of energy that comes to Earth equal the energy used by humans in a year?
Every 40 minutes
415
Fill in the blank: Solar energy is produced by _______ that happen inside the sun.
[nuclear reactions]
416
True or False: Solar energy is a renewable source of energy.
True
417
What would happen if we could store all the energy that comes to Earth from the sun every 40 minutes?
We could use it for human energy needs
418
What are the two types of solar heating systems?
Passive and active systems ## Footnote Passive systems are heated directly by the sun's rays, while active systems use mechanical devices.
419
How does a passive solar heating system function?
It heats a building without fans or pumps ## Footnote Passive systems rely on the natural heat from the sun without additional mechanical assistance.
420
What is the basic approach for passive solar heating?
Reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun ## Footnote This involves insulation and strategic window placement.
421
Where should most windows be placed in a passive solar heating design?
On the south side ## Footnote This maximizes sunlight exposure for heating.
422
What role does a large overhang above windows play in passive solar heating?
Shades windows from the summer sun ## Footnote This prevents overheating during warmer months.
423
How does passive solar heating benefit winter heating?
Low sun rays bring radiant energy into the rooms ## Footnote This helps maintain warmth during colder months.
424
What is thermal efficiency in the context of building design?
How well a building prevents heat loss and maintains temperature ## Footnote It can be measured over a 24-hour period.
425
What materials can increase the thermal efficiency of a passive solar home?
Extra panes of glass and special coatings on windows ## Footnote These materials allow sunlight in while minimizing heat loss.
426
How can thermal energy be stored in a passive solar home?
Using stone or brick walls that absorb heat ## Footnote These materials store heat during the day and release it at night.
427
What happens to the stored heat in stone or brick walls at night?
It transfers into the air and keeps the room warm ## Footnote This helps maintain a comfortable temperature when the sun is not present.
428
True or False: Passive solar heating systems use mechanical devices to transfer energy.
False ## Footnote Passive systems rely on natural processes without mechanical assistance.
429
What are the two types of solar heating systems?
Passive and active systems ## Footnote Passive systems are heated directly by the sun's rays, while active systems use mechanical devices.
430
How does a passive solar heating system function?
It heats a building without fans or pumps ## Footnote Passive systems rely on the natural heat from the sun without additional mechanical assistance.
431
What is the basic approach for passive solar heating?
Reduce heat loss and increase heat gain from the sun ## Footnote This involves insulation and strategic window placement.
432
Where should most windows be placed in a passive solar heating design?
On the south side ## Footnote This maximizes sunlight exposure for heating.
433
What role does a large overhang above windows play in passive solar heating?
Shades windows from the summer sun ## Footnote This prevents overheating during warmer months.
434
How does passive solar heating benefit winter heating?
Low sun rays bring radiant energy into the rooms ## Footnote This helps maintain warmth during colder months.
435
What is thermal efficiency in the context of building design?
How well a building prevents heat loss and maintains temperature ## Footnote It can be measured over a 24-hour period.
436
What materials can increase the thermal efficiency of a passive solar home?
Extra panes of glass and special coatings on windows ## Footnote These materials allow sunlight in while minimizing heat loss.
437
How can thermal energy be stored in a passive solar home?
Using stone or brick walls that absorb heat ## Footnote These materials store heat during the day and release it at night.
438
What happens to the stored heat in stone or brick walls at night?
It transfers into the air and keeps the room warm ## Footnote This helps maintain a comfortable temperature when the sun is not present.
439
True or False: Passive solar heating systems use mechanical devices to transfer energy.
False ## Footnote Passive systems rely on natural processes without mechanical assistance.
440
What are the three main components of an active solar heating system?
A collector, a heat storage unit, and a heat distribution system ## Footnote These components work together to harness solar energy for heating.
441
How does water function in the collector of an active solar heating system?
Water is used to trap solar energy ## Footnote The water circulates through copper tubing to absorb heat.
442
What material is used in the collector's tubing to enhance heat absorption?
Copper tubing ## Footnote Copper is chosen for its excellent thermal conductivity.
443
What role do glass panels play in an active solar heating system?
They allow sunlight to pass through and heat the area underneath ## Footnote This process helps to increase the temperature of the water in the collector.
444
How does insulation contribute to an active solar heating system?
It helps keep the thermal energy from escaping ## Footnote Insulation is crucial for maintaining the heat collected.
445
In a prairie climate, what percentage of heating needs can a combination of passive and active solar systems usually meet?
Up to 75% ## Footnote This percentage can vary based on climate and design.
446
What additional factors can enhance the effectiveness of a solar design?
Landscaping ## Footnote Trees can block cold winter winds and provide shade in summer.
447
What is typically needed alongside passive and active solar heating systems?
A backup heating system ## Footnote This system is necessary when sunlight is insufficient for heating.
448
True or False: Active solar heating systems do not require a backup heating system.
False ## Footnote Backup systems are essential during periods of low sunlight.
449
Fill in the blank: The water in an active solar heating system is pumped to the _______.
heat storage and distribution units ## Footnote This allows the heated water to be distributed throughout the building.
450
What is a solar array?
A solar array is a collection of solar cells arranged in panels to capture and convert solar energy into electricity. ## Footnote Solar arrays can be set up in various configurations to optimize energy capture.
451
How does a solar array generate electricity?
Solar energy is captured by solar cells in panels, which are connected to form a solar array that stores energy in batteries. ## Footnote This stored energy can be used by household appliances during the day and drawn from batteries at night.
452
What is the main benefit of solar energy compared to fossil fuels?
Solar energy is unlimited and does not create pollution like fossil fuels. ## Footnote Additionally, solar energy does not carry the radiation risks associated with nuclear energy.
453
What are some costs associated with solar energy?
Setting up a solar system is usually more expensive than conventional fossil fuel or electrical systems. ## Footnote In Canada, solar energy often requires a backup system using conventional fuels or electricity.
454
What is a disadvantage of solar cells for electricity?
Solar cells are expensive and cannot provide large amounts of electricity economically. ## Footnote Disposal of non-operational solar cells may also pose environmental concerns.
455
What is passive solar energy use?
Passive solar energy use involves utilizing building design and materials to maximize solar energy without mechanical systems. ## Footnote It is generally a lower cost option compared to active solar energy systems.
456
What are some challenges in maximizing solar energy use?
Maximizing solar energy use can be costly due to the need for special designs and materials. ## Footnote Simple changes to existing buildings can increase solar energy use without significant investment.
457
What ongoing efforts are being made in the field of solar energy?
Research and development continue to improve the efficiency of solar devices and decrease their costs. ## Footnote Innovations aim to make solar energy more accessible and economically viable.
458
Fill in the blank: Solar energy can be converted into _______ through solar cells.
electricity
459
True or False: Solar energy can provide all the heating needed for a home in Canada.
False
460
What is one reason remote weather stations often use solar energy?
It is difficult and expensive to deliver regular electricity to these areas. ## Footnote Solar energy provides a practical solution for powering remote locations.
461
What is the main function of a thermostat?
To regulate temperature in a heating or cooling system ## Footnote A thermostat controls the operation of heating or cooling devices based on the temperature setting.
462
What is a key component inside a typical thermostat?
Bimetallic strip ## Footnote A bimetallic strip consists of two different metals that expand and contract at different rates.
463
How do metals behave when heated or cooled?
Expand when heated and contract when cooled ## Footnote This property is essential for the operation of a thermostat.
464
What allows the passage of an electrical current in a thermostat?
Electrical conductor ## Footnote Conductors are materials that allow electricity to flow through them, facilitating the operation of electrical devices.
465
Fill in the blank: A thermostat typically contains a _______ that reacts to temperature changes.
bimetallic strip
466
List five devices where you would expect to find thermostats.
* Home heating systems * Air conditioning units * Refrigerators * Ovens * Water heaters ## Footnote Thermostats are common in devices that require temperature regulation.
467
True or False: All metals expand and contract at the same rate when heated or cooled.
False ## Footnote Different metals have different rates of thermal expansion.
468
What happens to a bimetallic strip when it is heated?
It bends due to the differing expansion rates of the metals ## Footnote This bending action can open or close electrical contacts in the thermostat.
469
What role do wires play in a thermostat?
Connect the thermostat to the heating or cooling system ## Footnote Wires allow the thermostat to communicate with the system it controls.
470
What does the term 'thermo' mean?
Heat
471
What does the term 'stat' refer to in the context of thermostats?
To maintain or to keep the same
472
What is the primary function of a thermostat?
To control the air temperature in indoor environments
473
What are two common applications of thermostats?
* Controlling indoor temperature * Adjusting temperature of electric appliances
474
What is a bimetallic strip?
A strip consisting of two different metals joined together
475
What happens to a bimetallic strip when heated?
One metal expands faster than the other, causing the strip to bend
476
How does the bending of a bimetallic strip function in a thermostat?
It opens and closes an electric circuit that controls a heat-regulating device
477
What are the two types of heating systems?
* Local heating systems * Central heating systems
478
What is a local heating system?
A system that provides heat for only one room or a small part of a building
479
Give examples of local heating systems.
* Fireplaces * Wood-burning stoves * Space heaters
480
What is a central heating system?
A system that provides heat from a single, central source such as a furnace
481
How does heat transfer in a central heating system?
Through a network of pipes, ducts, and vents or openings
482
What type of heating do most newer homes with central heating systems use?
Forced-air heating
483
What type of heating might older buildings use?
Hot-water heating
484
What happens to the coil of an oven thermometer when it is heated?
The inner strip expands more than the outer strip, causing the coil to open
485
In the context of thermostats, what does the bimetallic strip control?
A heat-regulating device, such as an electric blanket
486
What does the term 'thermo' mean?
Heat
487
What does the term 'stat' refer to in the context of thermostats?
To maintain or to keep the same
488
What is the primary function of a thermostat?
To control the air temperature in indoor environments
489
What are two common applications of thermostats?
* Controlling indoor temperature * Adjusting temperature of electric appliances
490
What is a bimetallic strip?
A strip consisting of two different metals joined together
491
What happens to a bimetallic strip when heated?
One metal expands faster than the other, causing the strip to bend
492
How does the bending of a bimetallic strip function in a thermostat?
It opens and closes an electric circuit that controls a heat-regulating device
493
What are the two types of heating systems?
* Local heating systems * Central heating systems
494
What is a local heating system?
A system that provides heat for only one room or a small part of a building
495
Give examples of local heating systems.
* Fireplaces * Wood-burning stoves * Space heaters
496
What is a central heating system?
A system that provides heat from a single, central source such as a furnace
497
How does heat transfer in a central heating system?
Through a network of pipes, ducts, and vents or openings
498
What type of heating do most newer homes with central heating systems use?
Forced-air heating
499
What type of heating might older buildings use?
Hot-water heating
500
What happens to the coil of an oven thermometer when it is heated?
The inner strip expands more than the outer strip, causing the coil to open
501
In the context of thermostats, what does the bimetallic strip control?
A heat-regulating device, such as an electric blanket
502
What was the value of Canada's natural gas production in 1995?
$6.8 billion
503
What is the primary energy source powering cooling systems such as refrigerators?
Electricity or natural gas
504
What is the main function of a cooling system?
Removes heat from a room or other enclosed space
505
List the basic parts of a cooling system.
* Storage tank * Compressor * Freezer unit * Condenser coils * Refrigerant
506
How does a cooling system create cold temperatures?
By using a refrigerant that evaporates at a very low temperature
507
Fill in the blank: A cooling system uses a _______ to absorb heat from the air inside a refrigerator.
refrigerant
508
True or False: The refrigerant in a refrigerator becomes hotter as it absorbs heat from the enclosed space.
True
509
What happens to the refrigerant after it passes through the freezer unit?
It evaporates and cools, absorbing heat from the refrigerator interior
510
What is the role of the compressor in a cooling system?
Pumps the refrigerant to the condenser coils
511
What occurs in the condenser coils of a cooling system?
Heat transfers out of the refrigerant, cooling it down to a liquid
512
After the refrigerant cools in the condenser coils, what state does it return to?
Liquid
513
Fill in the blank: The cycle of a cooling system repeats after the refrigerant becomes a _______.
liquid
514
What was the value of Canada's natural gas production in 1995?
$6.8 billion
515
What is the primary energy source powering cooling systems such as refrigerators?
Electricity or natural gas
516
What is the main function of a cooling system?
Removes heat from a room or other enclosed space
517
List the basic parts of a cooling system.
* Storage tank * Compressor * Freezer unit * Condenser coils * Refrigerant
518
How does a cooling system create cold temperatures?
By using a refrigerant that evaporates at a very low temperature
519
Fill in the blank: A cooling system uses a _______ to absorb heat from the air inside a refrigerator.
refrigerant
520
True or False: The refrigerant in a refrigerator becomes hotter as it absorbs heat from the enclosed space.
True
521
What happens to the refrigerant after it passes through the freezer unit?
It evaporates and cools, absorbing heat from the refrigerator interior
522
What is the role of the compressor in a cooling system?
Pumps the refrigerant to the condenser coils
523
What occurs in the condenser coils of a cooling system?
Heat transfers out of the refrigerant, cooling it down to a liquid
524
After the refrigerant cools in the condenser coils, what state does it return to?
Liquid
525
Fill in the blank: The cycle of a cooling system repeats after the refrigerant becomes a _______.
liquid
526
What is the main challenge for Albertans regarding building temperature?
Keeping warm air inside during winter and cool air inside during summer
527
What is the primary solution for managing temperature in buildings with extreme shifts?
Insulation
528
What is an insulator?
A material that limits the amount of heat transferred by conduction
529
How does heat transfer in relation to kinetic energy?
Heat transfers from areas of higher kinetic energy to areas of lower kinetic energy
530
What is thermal conductivity?
The ability of a material to transfer heat by conduction
531
What type of materials are desirable when building a house for insulation?
Good insulators, not conductors
532
Name two materials that are considered good insulators.
* Stone * Brick
533
What is a common alternative to stone and brick for insulation in homes?
Styrofoam panelling
534
Where can fibreglass insulation be packed in a building?
* Between inner and outer walls * In the attics
535
Why are doors and windows important in an insulation plan?
They significantly affect heat transfer in and out of a building
536
Fill in the blank: Fat is one of nature's most effective _______.
insulators
537
What role does fat play in animals like polar bears and seals?
Forms a protective layer to keep heat from transferring out of the body
538
What is the main challenge for Albertans regarding building temperature?
Keeping warm air inside during winter and cool air inside during summer
539
What is the primary solution for managing temperature in buildings with extreme shifts?
Insulation
540
What is an insulator?
A material that limits the amount of heat transferred by conduction
541
How does heat transfer in relation to kinetic energy?
Heat transfers from areas of higher kinetic energy to areas of lower kinetic energy
542
What is thermal conductivity?
The ability of a material to transfer heat by conduction
543
What type of materials are desirable when building a house for insulation?
Good insulators, not conductors
544
Name two materials that are considered good insulators.
* Stone * Brick
545
What is a common alternative to stone and brick for insulation in homes?
Styrofoam panelling
546
Where can fibreglass insulation be packed in a building?
* Between inner and outer walls * In the attics
547
Why are doors and windows important in an insulation plan?
They significantly affect heat transfer in and out of a building
548
Fill in the blank: Fat is one of nature's most effective _______.
insulators
549
What role does fat play in animals like polar bears and seals?
Forms a protective layer to keep heat from transferring out of the body
550
What percentage of Canada's energy needs are met by fossil fuels?
72%
551
What are the two types of natural resources?
* Renewable * Non-renewable
552
What is an example of a renewable natural resource?
The sun's energy
553
What is an example of a non-renewable natural resource?
Gold
554
What are fossil fuels considered in terms of natural resources?
Non-renewable
555
What are the environmental impacts of burning fossil fuels?
* Releases soot * Releases ashes * Releases gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides
556
What is a key consideration when deciding on heat technologies?
Balancing environmental, societal, and economic costs
557
Fill in the blank: Renewable natural resources are those that can be _______.
replaced
558
Fill in the blank: Non-renewable natural resources cannot be _______.
replaced
559
What is the significance of sustaining energy resources?
Crucial to the future of the planet
560
How much energy does 1 kg of nuclear fuel contain compared to 1 kg of coal?
Nearly 3,000,000 times
561
What are fossil fuels formed from?
The remains of plants and animals that lived on Earth millions of years ago ## Footnote Fossil fuels include petroleum (oil), natural gas, and coal.
562
How are petroleum and natural gas usually extracted?
By pumping ## Footnote Coal is mined.
563
What type of resources are fossil fuels?
Non-renewable resources
564
Why are fossil fuels widely used around the world?
They are fairly easy to obtain and transport ## Footnote They have been available in large quantities and can be used for various purposes.
565
What percentage of the world's energy needs were met by oil and natural gas in 1995?
Almost 60%
566
What percentage of the world's energy needs were met by coal in 1995?
30%
567
What province in Canada is rich in fossil fuels?
Alberta
568
What are the economic costs of using fossil fuels?
Costs in dollars associated with buying and using fossil fuels ## Footnote Examples include the cost of gasoline and natural gas.
569
What are some hidden economic costs associated with fossil fuels?
* Drilling wells for oil and natural gas * Mining coal * Processing fuels * Transporting fuels to market
570
What is one example of an economic cost related to environmental concerns?
Anti-pollution technology in cars
571
True or False: Fossil fuels can be replenished naturally within a human lifespan.
False
572
Fill in the blank: Fossil fuels are generally _______ to use than other energy sources.
cheaper
573
What is the consequence of fossil fuels being non-renewable?
They will eventually be used up
574
What are the environmental costs of fossil fuels?
The negative effects on the environment caused by burning fossil fuels, including air pollution and global warming. ## Footnote Environmental costs primarily result from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, furnaces, and power plants.
575
What gases contribute to air pollution from fossil fuel combustion?
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. ## Footnote These gases are harmful to human health, particularly affecting lung function.
576
What is acid rain?
Rain that contains dissolved sulfur dioxide, which harms lakes, vegetation, and buildings. ## Footnote Acid rain is a significant environmental issue linked to fossil fuel emissions.
577
How can environmental costs of fossil fuels be reduced?
By improving technology and using less fossil fuel. ## Footnote Modern car engines are much less polluting than those from 20 years ago.
578
What are societal costs of using fossil fuels?
The negative effects on people, such as health issues and costs related to pollution. ## Footnote Societal costs include healthcare expenses for pollution-related health problems and the cost of restoring damaged ecosystems.
579
What is a major long-term concern regarding fossil fuels?
How to deal with the depletion of non-renewable resources. ## Footnote This concern highlights the need for alternative energy sources.
580
What are some alternatives for thermal energy?
Solar energy and geothermal energy. ## Footnote These natural sources can help meet thermal energy demands.
581
What is wind energy?
The energy of moving air that can be captured by windmills. ## Footnote Wind energy has been historically used for tasks like grinding flour and pumping water.
582
What are the practical uses of small windmills today?
Pumping water out of sloughs or dugouts. ## Footnote Small windmills remain inexpensive and practical for agricultural purposes.
583
Fill in the blank: The combustion of fossil fuels contributes to _______ and global warming.
air pollution
584
What is a wind farm?
A wind farm consists of dozens or sometimes hundreds of windmills constructed in particularly windy areas to capture the immense energy of the wind. ## Footnote Windmills are specially designed devices that translate wind energy into usable electrical energy.
585
What process does nuclear energy production primarily utilize?
Nuclear fission, which uses small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heat. ## Footnote Uranium is a non-renewable natural resource mined in Canada and other countries.
586
What does CANDU stand for?
Canada Deuterium-Uranium. ## Footnote CANDU reactors were developed by Canadian scientists to provide nuclear energy.
587
What is one of the major problems associated with nuclear energy?
The long-term storage of dangerous waste materials. ## Footnote The fuel source requires special care in handling due to its harmful effects on living things.
588
What is hydro-electric power?
Energy generated by water moving through a dam. ## Footnote Dams create large artificial lakes called reservoirs to store water.
589
How does hydro-electric power generate electricity?
Water from the reservoir flows through the dam and turns large devices called turbines. ## Footnote This process converts the kinetic energy of moving water into electrical energy.
590
What are the environmental impacts of building dams?
Dams can upset or destroy local ecosystems and flood agricultural land. ## Footnote While hydro-electricity is clean and renewable, the construction of dams can have significant ecological consequences.
591
True or False: Hydro-electric power produces air pollution.
False. ## Footnote Nothing is burned in hydro-electric generation, so no air pollution is produced.
592
Fill in the blank: The electricity produced by hydro-electric power is used to produce heat in _______.
ovens, toasters, room heaters, and many other appliances.
593
What is a key advantage of hydro-electric power?
It is very clean energy and renewable. ## Footnote The reservoir is constantly being refilled by the river, which is fed by rain and snow.
594
What is a disadvantage of hydro-electric energy regarding infrastructure?
Long-distance transmission lines must be built from dams in remote areas to places where people can use the electricity. ## Footnote These lines are expensive to build.
595
What is a wind farm?
A wind farm consists of dozens or sometimes hundreds of windmills constructed in particularly windy areas to capture the immense energy of the wind. ## Footnote Windmills are specially designed devices that translate wind energy into usable electrical energy.
596
What process does nuclear energy production primarily utilize?
Nuclear fission, which uses small amounts of radioactive uranium to produce vast amounts of heat. ## Footnote Uranium is a non-renewable natural resource mined in Canada and other countries.
597
What does CANDU stand for?
Canada Deuterium-Uranium. ## Footnote CANDU reactors were developed by Canadian scientists to provide nuclear energy.
598
What is one of the major problems associated with nuclear energy?
The long-term storage of dangerous waste materials. ## Footnote The fuel source requires special care in handling due to its harmful effects on living things.
599
What is hydro-electric power?
Energy generated by water moving through a dam. ## Footnote Dams create large artificial lakes called reservoirs to store water.
600
How does hydro-electric power generate electricity?
Water from the reservoir flows through the dam and turns large devices called turbines. ## Footnote This process converts the kinetic energy of moving water into electrical energy.
601
What are the environmental impacts of building dams?
Dams can upset or destroy local ecosystems and flood agricultural land. ## Footnote While hydro-electricity is clean and renewable, the construction of dams can have significant ecological consequences.
602
True or False: Hydro-electric power produces air pollution.
False. ## Footnote Nothing is burned in hydro-electric generation, so no air pollution is produced.
603
Fill in the blank: The electricity produced by hydro-electric power is used to produce heat in _______.
ovens, toasters, room heaters, and many other appliances.
604
What is a key advantage of hydro-electric power?
It is very clean energy and renewable. ## Footnote The reservoir is constantly being refilled by the river, which is fed by rain and snow.
605
What is a disadvantage of hydro-electric energy regarding infrastructure?
Long-distance transmission lines must be built from dams in remote areas to places where people can use the electricity. ## Footnote These lines are expensive to build.
606
What are the primary modes of transportation mentioned?
Road, rail, air, and marine transportation ## Footnote These modes account for about 66% of the oil used in Canada.
607
What percentage of oil used in transportation is consumed by passenger cars and trucks?
More than three-quarters ## Footnote This indicates a significant reliance on personal vehicles for transportation.
608
What harmful chemicals are produced by burning fossil fuels in car engines?
Nitrogen oxides ## Footnote These gases can cause respiratory problems, especially for individuals with lung issues.
609
What phenomenon is caused by nitrogen oxides in urban areas?
Brown haze ## Footnote This is often noticeable during rush hour in cities.
610
What are some alternative transportation methods to reduce the negative effects of cars?
Walking, riding a bike, roller-blading, public transportation ## Footnote These methods help decrease reliance on personal vehicles.
611
What is one way to make errands more efficient?
Combine them into one trip ## Footnote This reduces the number of trips taken and conserves fuel.
612
How does the size of a car affect fuel consumption?
Small cars usually consume less fuel ## Footnote This highlights the importance of vehicle choice in energy efficiency.
613
What is one driving behavior that can improve fuel efficiency?
Driving at 80 km/h instead of 100 km/h ## Footnote This can increase the number of kilometers traveled per liter by 15%.
614
Reducing fuel consumption helps conserve what type of resource?
Non-renewable resource ## Footnote This is crucial for sustainability and reducing pollution.
615
What is an example of public transportation mentioned?
LRT in Calgary ## Footnote Public transportation generally uses less energy than personal vehicles.
616
What is the biggest energy user in the context of industry?
Industry ## Footnote Industry encompasses various sectors, including manufacturing, which require energy for operations such as lighting, heating, and machinery.
617
What are some energy-consuming activities in shoe manufacturing?
Lighting and heating offices, operating computers and office machines, preparing materials, cutting and shaping shoes, distributing products ## Footnote These activities illustrate the diverse energy needs within the shoe manufacturing industry.
618
What harmful chemicals are industries major contributors of?
Sulfur oxides ## Footnote Sulfur oxides can lead to the formation of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, which contributes to acid rain.
619
What is the purpose of environmental regulations for companies?
To reduce their effect on the environment ## Footnote Regulations are designed to limit harmful emissions and promote sustainable practices.
620
What is a major cost for many companies related to energy?
Energy consumption ## Footnote Companies often seek to reduce energy costs to improve their financial efficiency.
621
What is an important tool companies use to reduce energy costs?
Energy audit ## Footnote An energy audit helps identify areas of energy waste and suggests improvements.
622
Fill in the blank: An energy audit focuses on finding places where energy is being _______.
wasted ## Footnote Identifying waste allows companies to implement energy-saving measures.
623
What solution can a company implement to prevent heat loss from open loading area doors?
Efficient opening and closing system ## Footnote This system helps maintain temperature control by minimizing the time doors are open.
624
What is cogeneration?
The production of two forms of energy (usually electricity and heat) at the same time from one energy source ## Footnote Cogeneration improves energy efficiency by utilizing waste heat.
625
Why is electricity generation from fuel considered inefficient?
Only about one-third of the energy produced is transformed into electricity ## Footnote The remainder is typically lost as waste heat.
626
Which organization is mentioned as using cogeneration for energy efficiency?
The University of Alberta ## Footnote The university utilizes waste heat from its electricity plant to heat its buildings.
627
What is the biggest energy user in the context of industry?
Industry ## Footnote Industry encompasses various sectors, including manufacturing, which require energy for operations such as lighting, heating, and machinery.
628
What are some energy-consuming activities in shoe manufacturing?
Lighting and heating offices, operating computers and office machines, preparing materials, cutting and shaping shoes, distributing products ## Footnote These activities illustrate the diverse energy needs within the shoe manufacturing industry.
629
What harmful chemicals are industries major contributors of?
Sulfur oxides ## Footnote Sulfur oxides can lead to the formation of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, which contributes to acid rain.
630
What is the purpose of environmental regulations for companies?
To reduce their effect on the environment ## Footnote Regulations are designed to limit harmful emissions and promote sustainable practices.
631
What is a major cost for many companies related to energy?
Energy consumption ## Footnote Companies often seek to reduce energy costs to improve their financial efficiency.
632
What is an important tool companies use to reduce energy costs?
Energy audit ## Footnote An energy audit helps identify areas of energy waste and suggests improvements.
633
Fill in the blank: An energy audit focuses on finding places where energy is being _______.
wasted ## Footnote Identifying waste allows companies to implement energy-saving measures.
634
What solution can a company implement to prevent heat loss from open loading area doors?
Efficient opening and closing system ## Footnote This system helps maintain temperature control by minimizing the time doors are open.
635
What is cogeneration?
The production of two forms of energy (usually electricity and heat) at the same time from one energy source ## Footnote Cogeneration improves energy efficiency by utilizing waste heat.
636
Why is electricity generation from fuel considered inefficient?
Only about one-third of the energy produced is transformed into electricity ## Footnote The remainder is typically lost as waste heat.
637
Which organization is mentioned as using cogeneration for energy efficiency?
The University of Alberta ## Footnote The university utilizes waste heat from its electricity plant to heat its buildings.

1. Science 7 (5 decks)

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