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1. Science 7 > B Plants for Food and Fibre > Flashcards

B Plants for Food and Fibre Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

seed plants

A
  • plants that make seeds
  • the largest plant group in the world

E.g.: daisies, cottonwood trees, wheat, orchids and many others

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2
Q

What are the parts of a seed plant?

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
  • flowers
  • cones
  • seeds
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3
Q

What are the parts of a seed plant?

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
  • flowers
  • cones
  • seeds
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4
Q

What do roots do?

A
  • absorb water
  • absorb dissolved nutrients
  • anchor the plant in the soil
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5
Q

What do stems do?

A
  • provide a pathway for movement of water and food
  • support the leaves and reproductive structures
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6
Q

What do leaves do?

A
  • produce food for the plant
  • exchange gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide (take in and release both)
  • allow water to exit the plant
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7
Q

What do flowers usually have?

A
  • both male and female reproductive parts
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8
Q

What do seeds contain?

A
  • embryo that will form a new plant
  • a food supply for the embryo
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9
Q

What are the processes that move water up a plant?

A
  • osmosis is the process where water enters the roots
  • capillary action is the process that brings water up the roots
  • transpiration is the process that evaporates water from the surface of the plant, mainly from the leaves

These processes work together to enable the water to move up through the plant (allowing it to enter, move up, and exit)

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10
Q

What is osmosis?

A

When the concentration of water in the soil is greater than the concentration of water in the roots of the plant, watre moves into the root cells

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11
Q

What is capillary action?

A
  • water travels from the roots to the leaves through tiny tubes in the roots and stems because: 1. water particles are attracted to one another (water is polar with a positive and negative side, and positive and negative attract like a magnet)
    2. the water particles are attracted to the sides of the tiny tubes
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12
Q

What is transpiration?

A
  • evaporation of water from the surface of the plant
  • mainly evaporates through the leaves
  • water moves up to replace the water that evaporated

transpiration is seen as the main process that brings water up the plant, since water only moves up if there is space above for it to move there

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13
Q

In capillary action, why does water move up tubes when they are really narrow?

A
  • narrow tubes create a situation where the force of gravity is less than the force of attraction to the sides of the narrow tube
  • if the tubes were wider, this process would not occur
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14
Q

What happens to the plant when there is too little water in the soil?

A
  • the plant wilts because transpiration and capillary action still occurs, but osmosis is not able to happen, meaning that there is less water in the plant stem and other parts
  • water is required to keep the plant standing upright by helping to hold up the cell walls
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15
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A
  • it is a structure inside leaf cell
  • it captures the sun’s energy
  • it joins carbon dioxide and water together to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis
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16
Q

What are some key parts of a leaf cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • chloroplast
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane

(There are more, but these are the ones that grade sevens should know)

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17
Q

What is a cell membrane?

A
  • surrounds the plant cell
  • has pores
  • some smaller particles can enter through the pores, but not all particles can, much like a filter works
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18
Q

What are pores?

A
  • tiny openings
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19
Q

What processes move substances in and out of plant cells?

A
  • diffusion (different concentrations cause movement of non-water material)
  • active transport (energy is used to make particles move the opposite way than they would travel when unaided)
  • osmosis (different concentrations cause water movement, used in the roots to absorb water)
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20
Q

Where does osmosis occur?

A
  • roots to absorb water
  • throughout the plant to move water from stem to other parts of the plant

(capillary action is what moves the water up the tubes in the stems, but otherwise water movement happens from osmosis alongside the fact that water is transpirating or evaporating out of the leaves allowing osmosis to occur)

21
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • movement of particles such as red food colouring throughout another substance such as water due to the high to low concentration flow
  • if water is moving then it is called osmosis so diffusion is the movement of non-water particles
22
Q

life cycle

A

the stages that a living thing passes through to go from one generation to the next

23
Q

What is the life cycle of a seed plant?

A

–> seed –> seedling –> adult plant (production of flowers or a cone)–> pollination process creates a seed

24
Q

What are the female parts of a flower?

A
  • ovule
  • ovary
  • stigma

The pollen lands on the stigma and travels down to the ovary where the ovule is found inside

25
Q

What are the male parts of a flower?

A
  • pollen
  • anther

The pollen is held in the anther

26
Q

How does pollination work in conifers?

A
  • both male cones and female cones are present
  • pollen from male cones enters female cones and seeds develop on the female cones
  • the wind usually carries the pollen from male to female cone
27
Q

pollinators

A
  • needed when the plant itself cannot rely on the wind to carry pollen from male to female part of the plant
  • organisms that carry pollen from one flower to another such as birds, insects, and bats
  • pollinators benefit from the nectar that is a sugary liquid that they drink
28
Q

How does pollen transfer with grain plants?

A
  • the wind, just like with conifers
29
Q

What are the methods of reproduction of plants?

A
  1. pollination creating a seed
  2. vegetative reproduction
    - runners
    - rhizomes
    - suckers
30
Q

What are the methods of reproduction of plants?

A
  1. pollination creating a seed
  2. vegetative reproduction
    - runners
    - rhizomes
    - suckers
  3. human technology
    - cutting
    - grafting
31
Q

What are runners?

A

Vegetative reproduction where long stems run across the surface of the soil and then new roots grow farther out from where the original plant is located

32
Q

What are rhizomes?

A
  • underground stems that enable vegetative reproduction further away from the original plant
33
Q

What are bulbs, tubers, and corms?

A

Underground stems that remain close to the plant usually to help store energy throughout the winter.

34
Q

Suckers

A
  • new plants that form on roots
35
Q

cuttings

A
  • small pieces of a plant that usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves
36
Q

grafting

A
  • attaching a part of one plant onto another plant
37
Q

What are ways that plants have adapted to dry environments?

A
  • stems of cacti are thick to store more water
  • cacti have tiny spines to protect the stored water from predators
  • grasses have thin leaves so that many can fit in one place and this helps them to be pollinated by wind in case pollinators are not able to do this but also the roots are deeper in some wild grasses to seek water further below ground
  • some plants like comfrey have really deep taproots to allow them to get water deep down
38
Q

What makes plants different from each other?

A

They have different requirements of:
- light
- water
- nutrients
- space

Plant the right plant in the right spot

39
Q

What are the benefits of plants?

A
  • provide oxygen
  • provide shelter
  • provide food and fibre (cloth and wooden shelters can be made from fibre)
  • build and protect soil
  • provide medicine
40
Q

What are living resources?

A

living things that can be used for human needs such as forests, or other plants, but also include animals :( Also it is sad when we cut down forests faster than they can grow back!

41
Q

What is in soil?

A
  • tiny particles with spaces between them that can hold water and air
  • the particles can be organic (made from plants and animals that were once living)
  • the particles can be inorganic too (small rock fragments like sand, or even smaller like clay)
42
Q

What are three major types of soil?

A
  • sandy
  • clay
  • loam
43
Q

Describe sandy soil

A
  • runs between your fingers with few lumps
  • moistened soil will not stick together
  • mostly minerals and little humus (humus is organic matter that is partly decomposed)
  • water passes through it easily
44
Q

What are characteristics of clay soil?

A
  • feels slippery when wet and sticks together
  • when dry it si very hard
  • lots of minerals and little humus
  • air cannot enter easily
  • holds water well
45
Q

What are the characteristics of loam soil?

A
  • crumbly like a moist cake
  • forms a loose ball when wet and squeezed
  • balance between mineral and organic particles
  • lots of nutrients
46
Q

crop rotation

A
  • used to keep soil healthy by changing what plants are in that area so that nutrients have time to be replenished before the next set of plants are planted needing the same nutrients
47
Q

How can you keep soil healthy?

A
  • don’t remove organic matter
  • if you do remove organic matter, replace it with compost
  • don’t use pesticides and herbicides
  • don’t compact the soil by walking over it constantly
  • plant a variety of plants in one place
  • favour perenials that are adapted to the area rather than constantly disrupting the soil and the living things in it to plant every year
48
Q

unintended consequence

A

when you try to fix a situation but something else occurs or the situation is fixed but you cause another problem

49
Q

monoculture

A

planting the same plants so there is no biodiversity

this leads to unhealthy soil and a tough or killing living environment for the organisms that could have lived there

1. Science 7 (5 decks)

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