C

Question 1

Case grammar

Answer 1

An approach in psycholinguistics in which the meaning of a sentence is determined by analysing the semantic roles or cases played by different words, such as which word names the overall relationship and which names the agent or patient of the action. Other cases include time, location and manner.

Question 2

Case role (also semantic case)

Answer 2

One of the various semantic roles or functions of different words in a sentence.

Question 3

Categorical perception

Answer 3

The perception of similar language sounds as being the same phoneme, despite the minor physical differences among them; for example, the classification of initial sounds of cool and keep as both being the /k/(hard c) phoneme, even though these initial sounds differ physically.

Question 4

Category-specific deficit

Answer 4

A disruption in which a person loses access to one semantic category of words or concepts while not losing others.

Question 5

Central executive

Answer 5

In Baddeley’s working memory system, the mechanism responsible for assessing the attentional needs of the different subsystems and furnishing attentional resources to those subsystems.

Any executive or monitoring component of the memory system that is responsible for sequencing activities, keeping track of processes already completed, and diverting attention from one activity to another can be called an executive controller.

Question 6

Central tendency

Answer 6

The idea that there is some mental core or centre to the category where the best members will be found.

Question 7

Cerebral cortex

Answer 7

NEOCORTEX

Question 8

Cerebral hemispheres (left and right)

Answer 8

The two major structures in the neocortex. In most people the left cerebral hemisphere is especially responsible for language and other symbolic processing, and the right for nonverbal perceptual processing.

Question 9

Cerebral lateralisation

Answer 9

The principle that different functions or actions within the brain tend to be localised in one or the other hemisphere. For instance, moron control of the left side of the body is lateralised in the right hemisphere of the brain.

Question 10

change blindness

Answer 10

The failure to notice changes in visual stimuli (e.g. photographs) when those changes occur during a saccade.

Question 11

Channel capacity

Answer 11

An early analogy for the limited capacity of the human information-processing system.

Question 12

Characteristic feature

Answer 12

In the Smith et al. (1974) model of semantic memory, characteristic features are the features and properties of a concept that are common but not essential to the meaning of the concept; for example, ‘eat worms’ may be characteristic of ‘BIRD’, but the feature is not essential to the central meaning of the concept (contrasts with definition feature).

Question 13

Chunk

Answer 13

A unit or grouping of information held in short-term memory.

Question 14

Classic view of categorisation

Answer 14

The view that takes the position that people create and use categories based on a system of rules that define necessary and sufficient features.

Question 15

Clustering

Answer 15

The grouping together of related items during recall (e.g. recalling the words apple, pear, banana, orange together in a cluster, regardless of their order of presentation).

Question 16

Coarticulation

Answer 16

The simultaneous or overlapping articulation of two or more of the phonemes in a word.

Question 17

Cognition

Answer 17

The collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding, and the act of using those processes.

Question 18

Cognitive science

Answer 18

A new term designating the study of cognition from the multiple standpoints of psychology, linguistics, computer science and neuroscience.

Question 19

Competence

Answer 19

In linguistics the internalised knowledge of language and its rules that fully fluent speakers of a language possess, uncontaminated by flaws in performance (contrasts with performance).

Question 20

Conceptual knowledge

Answer 20

The fourth level of analysis of language in Miller’s scheme, roughly equivalent to semantic memory.

Question 21

Conceptually driven processing (top-down processing)

Answer 21

Mental processing is said to be conceptually driven when it is guided and assisted by the knowledge already store in memory (contrasts with data-driven processing).

Question 22

Conditional reasoning

Answer 22

The form of reasoning in which logical consequences of an if-then statement and some evidence are determined; for example, given ‘if it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled,’ the phrase ‘is is raining’ determines whether the picnic is cancelled.

Question 23

Conduction aphasia

Answer 23

A disruption of language in which the peso is unable to repeat what has just been heard.

Question 24

Confirmation bias

Answer 24

In reasoning, the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion.

Question 25

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 25

The mistaken belief that a compound of two characteristics can be more likely that either one of the characteristics by itself.

Question 26

Connectionism (connectionist)

Answer 26

The terms refer to a recent development in cognitive theory, based on the notions that several levels of knowledge necessary for performance can be represented as massive, interconnected networks.

Performance consisted of a high level of parallel processing among several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building block of the interconnected networks is the simple connection between nodes stored in memory.

For instance, perception of spoken speech involves several levels of knowledge: knowledge of phonology, lexical information, syntax and semantics.

Processing at each level continually interacts with and influences processing at other levels, in parallel. The connections in connectionist modelling are the network pathways both within and among the levels of knowledge.

Question 27

Conscious attention

Answer 27

Awareness; a slower attentional mechanism especially influenced by top-down processing.

Question 28

Conscious processing

Answer 28

Mental processing that is intentional, involves conscious awareness, and consumes mental resources (contrasts with automatic, automaticity).

Question 29

Consequent

Answer 29

In conditional reasoning, the consequent is the ‘then’ statement; in ‘if it rains, then the picnic will be cancelled,’ the consequent is ‘then the picnic will be cancelled’.

Question 30

Consolidation

Answer 30

The more permanent establishment of memories in neural architecture.

Question 31

Context

Answer 31

The surrounding situation and its effect on cognition, including the concepts and ideas activated during comprehension.

Question 32

Contralaterality

Answer 32

The principle that control of one side of the body is localised in the opposite side cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of there right cerebral hemisphere illustrates the principle of contralaterality.

Question 33

Control processes

Answer 33

The part of the standard (Atkinson and Shiffrin) model of memory responsible for the active manipulation of information in short-term memory.

Question 34

Controlled attention

Answer 34

The deliberate, voluntary allocation of mental effort or concentration.

Question 35

Conversational rules

Answer 35

The rules, largely tacit, that govern our participation in and contributions to conversations.

Question 36

Cooperative rules

Answer 36

The most basic conversational postulate, stating that participants cooperate by sharing information in an honest, sincere and appropriate fashion.

Question 37

Corps callosum

Answer 37

The fibre of neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Question 38

Correlated attributes

Answer 38

Features that tend to co-occur in various members of a category.

Question 39

Cost

Answer 39

A response slower than baseline because of the misleading cue.

Question 40

Counterfactual reasoning

Answer 40

A line of reasoning the deliberately contradicts the facts in a ‘what if’ kind of way; in the simulation heuristic, the changing of details or events in a story to alter the (unfortunate or undesirable) outcome.

Question 41

Cryptomnesia

Answer 41

When a person unconsciously plagiarises something hear or read and because he or she forgot the source mistakenly thinks it is an original idea.

Question 42

Cued recall

Answer 42

A form of recall in which the person is presented with part of the information as a cue to retrieve the rest of the information.