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World History > Byzantine And Mongol Empires > Flashcards

Byzantine And Mongol Empires Flashcards

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1
Q

The Roman Empire divided into? By who?

A

Western and eastern empires by Diocletian

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2
Q

Capital of Byzantine moved east from Rome, to the Greek city of? Later became?

A

Byzantium, later became Constantinople (after emperor Constantine) because he was the one who moved the capital in 330 A.D.

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3
Q

When did the Western Roman Empire crumble? How?

A

5th Century because it was overrun by invading German tribes (the Huns)

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4
Q

Byzantium (name of the entire eastern empire) and its flourishing capital city, Constantinople, carried on the glory of Rome for how many more years?

A

1,000 years

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5
Q

Who was Justinian?

A

High ranking Byzantine nobleman who succeeded his uncle to the throne in 527

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6
Q

Justinian’s accomplishments?

A
  • gained control of almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled
  • creation of the Justinian Code
  • rebuilt Constantinople
  • built Hagia Sophia
  • head of both church and state
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7
Q

Justinian’s Code

A

After sifting through 400 years of Roman Law, many laws were outdated, so they created a single, uniform code known as the Justinian Code

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8
Q

Justinian’s Code consisted of which 4 works?

A
  • the Code (nearly 5,000 Roman laws are still considered useful)
  • The Digest (quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws)
  • The Institutes (textbook that told law students how to use the laws)
  • The Novellae (New Laws)
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9
Q

Some areas that Justinian’s Code addressed?

A

Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women’s rights, and criminal justice

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10
Q

Justinian’s Code served the Byzantine Empire for how many years?

A

900 years

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11
Q

Who was Theodora?

A

An actress, stage dancer, and mistress toa governor

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12
Q

Theodora converted to monophysitism. What is it?

A

branch of orthodox Christianity that says Christ maintains one nature - human to divine

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13
Q

Who’s mistress, and later wife was Theodora?

A

Justinian’s

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14
Q

Theodora’s political influence

A
  • met with foreign diplomats
  • wrote to foreign leaders
  • passed laws
  • built churches
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15
Q

Nika rebellion

A

a mob demanded Justinian be overthrown.

Justinian considered fleeing, but theodora said it is not a good idea to flee

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16
Q

Theodora and woman’s rights

A
  • laws that let a women on stage were abandoned
  • allowed daughters to have equal rights
  • made sure that the children of female slaves were not slaves
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17
Q

When and how did Theodora die?

A

she dies of cancer in 548

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18
Q

What happened to Justinian’s rule after Theodora’s death?

A

Justinian’s rule declined steadily and he passed no major laws for the rest of his reign

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19
Q

Byzantine art was marked by?

A

frescoes and mosiacs

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20
Q

Justinian had workers who?

A

rebuilt Constantinople’s crumbling fortifications

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21
Q

Justinian’s passion

A

church-building

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22
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

“Holy Wisdom” in Greek

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23
Q

Justinian also built?

A

baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, hospitals, and expanded his palace into a vast complex

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24
Q

Mese

A

middle way (main street)

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25
Q

Constantinople as a center for trade:

A
  • merchant stalls lined streets
  • products sold from Asia, Africa, and Europe
  • food stands sold different types of food
  • acrobats and street musicians performed
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26
Q

What did the Hippodrome offer?

A

chariot races and performance acts

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27
Q

Hippodrome held how many spectators?

A

60,000

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28
Q

Constantinople as a center for religion

A

numerous churches (most famous is the Hagia Sophia)

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29
Q

In 1204, crusading knights from Europe did what?

A

robbed and sacked Constantinople

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30
Q

What happened to Constantinople in 1453?

A

falls to Ottoman Turks (Constantinople was renamed Istanbul)

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31
Q

In 312, Constantine legalized?

A

Christianity (Also moved capital to Byzantium

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32
Q

Who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380?

A

Theodosius

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33
Q

Christianity became the dominant religion in?

A

The byzantine empire when the western Roman empire fell

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34
Q

Byzantine Christianity

A

Latin Christianity developed in such a way that the Pope became the solidified leader in religious affairs

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35
Q

Byzantine Christianity differences

A
  • enormous religious authority was given to the emperor

- led to eventual problems between the western and eastern churches

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36
Q

Why did Christianity begin to develop differently in the Western and Eastern empires?

A

because of the lack of contact between the 2 regions

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37
Q

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

A

built heritage on the works of early church fathers (even the patriarch bowed to the emperor)

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38
Q

Emperor Leo III

A

Banned the use of icons

39
Q

Who supported the use of icons?

A

western pope

40
Q

the pope and patriarch did what to each other?

A

threw each other out of the church in a dispute over religious doctrine

41
Q

Christianity split into east and west. Who was in each?

A 
East = eastern orthodox church
West = Roman orthodox church
42
Q

Orthodox missionaries took their form of Christianity to the?

A

Slavs - a group that lived in the forests north of the Black Sea

43
Q

The alphabet that missionaries invented for the Slavic languages so they could read the Bible in their native tongue, was called?

A

the Cyrillic alphabet

44
Q

Vikings in Russia

A

Small bands of adventurers from the north (called Varangians, or Rus) mixed with the Slavic people living in modern-day Russia - [they were Vikings]

45
Q

The vikings built forts along which rivers?

A

Dnieper, Don, and Volga rivers

46
Q

What does legend say about the Viking chief?

A

Slavs invited the viking chief Rurik to be their king

47
Q

Where did the Viking Chief live after becoming king?

A

Novgorod (Russia’s first important city)

48
Q

Who was Oleg?

A

A nobleman from Novgorod who moved south to Kiev (city in Dnieper)

49
Q

What did vikings do in Constantinople, and how did they get there?

A

From Kiev, vikings could sail by river and sea to Constantinople, and trade for products

50
Q

Who married viking nobles?

A

vikings married their Slavic subjects and eventually , the line between Slavs and viking vanished

51
Q

How did Kiev become linked to Constantinople?

A
  • Princess Olga, a member of the Kievan nobility, visited Constantinople
  • She publicly converted to Christianity
  • Governed until her son was old enough to rule
52
Q

What did Vladimir, princess Olga’s grandson, do when he came to the throne?

A

He sent teams to observe the major religions of the time

53
Q

Vladimir converted to?

A

Byzantine Christianity (made his subjects convert too)

54
Q

How did Yaroslav (Vladimir’s son) help Kiev after he came to power?

A
  • married his daughters and sisters with kings and princes of western Europe to create trade connections
  • created a legal code
  • built libraries and churches
55
Q

Kiev’s decline

A
  • Yaroslav’s sons tore the state of Kiev apart fighting against each other for territory
  • Crusades disrupted trade
  • Mongols attacked and demolished Kiev and took over
56
Q

Mongol influence in Russia

A

Isolated Russia from the west thus developing differently

57
Q

After Russia was occupied by the mongols for 200 years, Russians?

A

finally broke free

58
Q

Ivan III

A

Openly challenged mongol rule, took the title of “Czar” (Caesar), claimed to make Russia the “3rd Rome”

59
Q

Ivan refused to?

A

pay tribute to the Mongols

60
Q

Rise of the mongols led to?

A

Problems between steppe nomads and settled communities

61
Q

Because of scarcities and hardships of their lifestyle, steppe nomads?

A

Raided towns and villages to get pasture lands for their herds and resources for survival

62
Q

Another name for Genghis Khan?

A

Temujin

63
Q

Genghis khan accepted what title?

A

“Universal ruler”

64
Q

Genghis khan defeated?

A

His rivals one by one

65
Q

3 Characteristics of Genghis khan’s success?

A
  • brilliant organizer
  • gifted strategist
  • used cruelty as a weapon
66
Q

Genghis khan - brilliant organizer

A
  • Armies of 10,000
  • 1,000-man brigades
  • 100-man companies
  • 10-man squads
67
Q

Genghis khan - gifted strategist

A
  • used various tricks to confuse the enemy
  • attack, pretend to gallop away, enemies chase, come back and fight
  • gifted horseback riders (ride backwards, shoot bow and arrows)
68
Q

Genghis khan - cruelty

A
  • terrified enemies into surrender

- if a city refused to open their gates to him, he might kill the entire population when he finally captured it

69
Q

The Khanates

A
  • Mongols who ruled ruthlessly at first, destroying the land and wiping out populations
70
Q

The khanates later adopted aspects of the cultures they ruled and imposed?

A

Stability, law, and order

71
Q

The khanates eventually split up due to?

A

Cultural differences

72
Q

Pax Mongolia

A

Mongol peace, a period of peace from mid - 1200s to the mid - 1300s

73
Q

What did the pax Mongolia affect?

A
  • Made travel and trade safer

- promoted the exchange of goods and ideas

74
Q

End of pax Mongolia led to?

A

Disorder

75
Q

Kublai khan

A
  • Grandson of Genghis khan
  • gained control of China in 1279 and united them for the first time in 300 years
  • called his dynasty the “yuan dynasty”
76
Q

What is Kublai khan known as?

A

The great khan

77
Q

What did Kublai Khan call his dynasty?

A

Yuan dynasty

78
Q

What did Kublai khan do?

A
  • Built palaces in Shangdu and modern-day Beijing
  • moved his capital from Mongolia to China
  • kept mongol identity, but tolerated Chinese culture, and kept Chinese officials in local gov’t
  • gave most high gov’t positions to foreigners (because they believed they were more trustworthy)
79
Q

Marco Polo

A
  • Venetian trader
  • traveled to China and visited Kublai Khan’s court
  • served Kublai khan for 17 years
  • when returning to Italy, he was imprisoned during a war with a rival city
80
Q

Mongol Empire: expanded trade

A
  • made caravan routes across Asia
  • established mail routes to link China with India and Persia
  • greatly improved trades
  • invited foreign merchants to visit China
81
Q

Legacy of Yuan dynasty for China

A
  • united china
  • expanded foreign companies contacts
  • made few changes to Chinese culture and system of gov’t
82
Q

Reasons for the fall of Yuan dynasty

A
  • Civil discontent: because of famine, floods, and disease
  • economic: problems and official corruption
  • power: struggles among Yuan family members
  • rebellions: of Chinese
83
Q

Which Russian city was the first to establish major trade connections with Constantinople?

A

Kiev

84
Q

Superior military skills were primarily responsible for the success of the mongol Empire
True or false

A

True

85
Q

After 200 years of mongol occupation became the first czar of Russia

A

Ivan III

86
Q

When the Mongols took control of Russia, the capital was moved from Kiev to?

A

Moscow

87
Q

Genghis khan, use of the stirrup, and excellent horsemanship skills contributed directly to the?

A

Rise of the mongol Empire

88
Q

Towns refusing to give in to the mongols were brutally killed and the towns burned down

A

True

89
Q

How were religious differences treated under mongol rule?

A

They tolerated all religions in their Empire

90
Q

How did peter the great inherit the throne of Russia?

A

Family origin

91
Q

Economically, early Modern Russia was?

A

Largely agricultural and dependent on Western trade

92
Q

Yaroslav the wise help Kiev rise to power with all of the following except?

  • created a legal code
  • Married off sisters and daughters
  • married a mongol princess
  • built libraries and churches
A

Married a mongol princess

93
Q

Vladimir, olga’s grandson, sent teams to study which 4 foreign religions?

A

Islam, Judaism, eastern and western Christianity

World History (2 decks)

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