BWS DQ Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
If IIMC is encountered what crew actions/procedures will be accomplished?
A
a. Announce “inadvertent IMC” (P/P).
b. Transition to instrument flight (P/P).
c. Begin recovery procedures.
(1) Attitude. P* levels the wings on the attitude indicator. P will monitor.
(2) Heading. P* will announce and maintain the current heading; turning only to avoid known obstacles. The P will monitor.
(3) TQ. P* will announce and adjust the TQ to climb/cruise PWR as appropriate. The P will monitor.
(4) Airspeed. P* will adjust and announce the desired airspeed to climb or cruise as appropriate. The P will monitor.
(5) Trim. P* will maintain the aircraft in trim
Note. The P shall tune the radios to the appropriate frequencies, make the appropriate radio calls, and request ATC assistance, acknowledge and record ATC information.
Note. The P* announces if disoriented and unable to recover. The P may need to take the controls and implement recovery procedures.
2
Q
After aircraft control is established in IIMC, what actions must be conducted IAW 1-212th SOP?
A
(1) Set transponder to Emergency.
(2) Climb to a minimum altitude of 3500’ MSL, (5000’ MSL when Cairns ARAC is not in operation due to Jacksonville/Atlanta Center coverage limitations).
(3) Contact Cairns Approach Control (JAX Center in AO Vanguard Central or South) (Atlanta Center in AO Vanguard North) if Cairns ARAC is not operational) on emergency frequency (243.0/121.5).
(4) State call sign (solo if applicable) and type aircraft.
(5) IIMC and intentions.
(6) After contact established, inform:
(a) Position as accurately as possible (do not delay call attempting to fix position).
(b) Altitude.
(c) Heading.
(d) Fuel remaining in hours and minutes.
(e) Number of people in the aircraft.
3
Q
After the hover power check is done, the TQ differential is 13%. What maneuvers can be performed?
A
Steep approaches, instrument takeoffs and confined area operations may be performed
4
Q
What are the actions of the P under the task “Maintain Airspace Surveillance”?
A
The P will inform the P* of any unannounced heading, altitude, attitude or position changes. The P will announce his inability to assist due to concentration inside the aircraft.
When landing, the crew will confirm the suitability of the area and that the aircraft is clear of barriers.
5
Q
What are the slope limitations in the TH-67?
A
Slope landings shall be limited to slopes of 8 degrees or less. Caution is to be used at slopes greater than 5 degrees because rigging, loading, terrain and weather (wind) may alter the slope landing capability.
6
Q
What are the abort criteria for slope landings?
“CAMPS”
A
Cyclic limits, Aircraft Limits, Mast Bumping, Personal / Physical Limits, Sliding
7
Q
What are the torque limits for the TH-67?
A
0 to 85% Continuous Operation
> 85 to 100% Take-off Power Range (5 Minute Limit)
100% Maximum
Transient Torque Limit is 100 to 110% (5 second Maximum). INTENTIONAL USE IS PROHIBITED.
8
Q
What is spike knock?
A
Spike knock is when the round pin in the drag pin fitting contacts the side of the square hole of the pylon stop which is mounted to the roof. If creates a loud noise and is a result of a rocking of the pylon.
9
Q
While flying you experience a left yaw, drop in engine RPM, drop in rotor RPM, low RPM audio alarm, illumination of the ROTOR RPM warning light, ENGINE OUT warning light, and change in engine noise. What are your immediate action steps?
A
Partial or Complete Power Loss – Engine Failure
- AUTOROTATE
- EMER SHUTDOWN - Accomplish during descent if time permits
10
Q
What is the format of a spot report? Explain the “W” portion of the spot report.
A
Callsign of the Observer, followed by:
- SALUTE: Size, Activity, Location, Unit, Time, Equipment, What are you going to do about it.
- SALT-W: Size, Activity, Location, Time, What are you going to do about it
Plan your actions based on your airframe and capabilities, rules of engagement, the current mission, theater guidance, and previous experience.
11
Q
How long after enemy contact has been initiated do you wait to send a spot report?
A
As soon as possible, and continuously update
*Negative sightings should still be reported
12
Q
What are the ways a pilot can determine the wind direction and velocity?
A
A. Direction: (Ground and Aircraft Cues)
a. Ground Cues (FLTP): Forecast winds, Smoke, Flags, Wind Socks, Leaves (lighter on upwind side, darker on downwind) Vegetation (Tall grass, weeds, crops wave action), Ponds/Lakes calm upwind
b. Aircraft Cues: Apparent ground speed - direction / magnitude of crab angle
B. Velocity: Light winds - leaves rustle in trees (5 knots or less) Heavier winds - branches move & time en route
13
Q
What are the standards for the task Perform Aerial Observation?
A
- Detect the target using visual search techniques.
- Identify the target.
- Locate the target.
- Report the target as briefed.
* Definition: systematic search of a given area so that all parts of the area are observed or scanned.
14
Q
Describe the two visual search techniques and when they are used?
A
A. Motive: 10kts or greater at terrain flight altitudes
a. Two sectors divide the aircraft: Observation work and non-Observation work. b. Observation work is further divided into two sectors, acquisition and recognition (acquisition sector is the forward 45 degree area directly out the nose of the helicopter, the primary area for search; recognition sector holds the remainder of the visible sector, left and right until you go into your blind spot / non-observation sector)
B. Stationary: At a hover at NOE altitudes
a. 50 meter intervals to the immediate front until the entire search area is covered.
15
Q
What factors affect our ability to Detect?
A
Weather (meteorological), Altitude, Airspeed, Terrain, Visual Cues (movement, color, light, obvious sighting, smoke, shadows, texture, trails), Human Factors
16
Q
When conducting a terrain flight takeoff, what are the actions of the P*?
A
A. Primary Focus Outside
B. Direct Crew-member to maintain visual reference outside the aircraft to assist in clearing and select reference points
C. Announce initiating the takeoff and whether the takeoff is from the ground or from a HVR and will also announce intentions to abort or alter the takeoff.
17
Q
When conducting a terrain flight approach, how will the crew determine the landing direction?
A
A. Analyze the tactical situation, wind, long axis of the landing area, lowest obstacles
B. Select an approach angle that allows obstacle clearance while descending to the desired point of termination.
18
Q
When conducting a terrain flight approach, what are the actions of the P*?
A
A. Visual Reference outside the aircraft
B. Direct co-pilot to maintain visual reference outside to assist in clearing / alter the approach if necessary
C. Announce the beginning of the approach when intercepting an angle that assures obstacle clearance
D. Announce whether to terminate to the ground or a hover, intended landing area, and any deviation to the approach.
19
Q
While flying you experience a right yaw, a rapid increase in both rotor and engine RPM, and in increase in engine and rotor noise. What are the immediate action steps?
A
- Collective ─ Increase to load the rotor and sustain engine/rotor RPM below the maximum operating limit.
- Throttle ─ Adjust until normal operating RPM is attained.
- Land as soon as possible. Perform a power-on approach and landing by controlling the RPM manually with the throttle.
If RPM cannot be controlled by throttle adjustment:
- Autorotate when over a safe landing area.
- Emer Shutdown ─ Accomplish during descent if time permits.
20
Q
When is reconnaissance performed?
A
Reconnaissance is performed before, during and after combat operations to provide information used by the battalion or ground force commanders to confirm or modify the plan.
21
Q
When considering Aerial Observation, why is it important to report all information even though it may appear unimportant initially? Are negative enemy sightings important?
A
Spot reports provide commanders with critical information during the conduct of missions. Reports of no enemy sightings are frequently just as important as actual enemy sightings.
22
Q
What are the standards for masking and unmasking an aircraft?
A
A. Perform a map reconnaissance.
B. Mask the aircraft from enemy visual and electronic detection.
C. Ensure that exposure time does not exceed 10 seconds when unmasking the aircraft.
D. Maintain a sufficient distance behind obstacles to allow for safe maneuvering.
E. Move to a new location, if AVAIL, before subsequent unmasking.
23
Q
What are the fundamentals of reconnaissance?
A
- Gain and maintain enemy contact.
- Orient on the reconnaissance objective.
- Report all information timely and accurately.
- Retain freedom to maneuver.
- Develop the situation rapidly.
- Ensure maximum reconnaissance force forward.
- Ensure Continuous Reconnaissance.
24
Q
While flying you experience a sudden increase in engine RPM, decrease in rotor RPM, left yaw and activation of the low RPM audio, and illumination of the ROTOR RPM warning light. What are your immediate action steps?
A
A. Autorotate – Establish a power on autorotation.
B. Emer Shutdown – Accomplish after landing.
(Main Drive Shaft Failure)
25
While performing an autorotation you notice that the rotor RPM decays with the engine RPM as the throttle is reduced to the engine idle position when entering an autorotational descent resulting in a loss of autorotational capability. What are the underlined steps for this maneuver?
A. Throttle – Open.
B. Land as soon as possible.
(Clutch fails to disengage)
26
What are the steps for tactical flight mission planning IAW the FTG?
1. Analyze the mission using the factors of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time available, and civil considerations (METT-TC).
2. Perform a map/photo reconnaissance using the AVAL map media, AMPS video map terminal, or photos. Ensure that all known hazards to terrain flight are plotted on the map or into the AMPS.
3. Select appropriate primary and alternate routes and enter all of them on a map, route sketch, or into the AMPS.
4. Select the appropriate terrain flight modes.
5. Determine the distance ±1 kilometer, ground speed ±5 knots, and ETE ±1 minute for each leg of the flight.
6. Determine the fuel required: OH-58 ±25 lbs, TH-67 ±3.7 lbs, and reserve IAW AR 95-1.
7. Obtain and evaluate the weather briefing.
8. Perform risk assessment per unit SOP.
9. Conduct a thorough crew mission briefing IAW the unit SOP and Task 1000.
27
Describe the barrier and contingency selection process IAW the TFMPG.
BARRIER – A prominent feature which, when seen, indicates when an ACP, CP, or objective has been over-flown. Major highways, rivers and ridgelines are good examples. Use barriers to alert navigators an ACP has been over flown or bypassed and to cue for planned turns. A barrier may run perpendicular to the flight path to limit forward travel by indicating that the objective has been passed, parallel to the course line to funnel you into your objective, be a point barrier such as an antenna or tower, or be a time barrier.
CONTINGENCY – A backup plan to be used when the objective is not identified. A contingency plan begins at an easily identifiable point, preferably within 3-8 kilometers of the objective, from which navigation to the objective can be restarted.
28
How far apart should ACP's be placed, when using a 1:50,000 map?
ACPs should be 5 to 20 kilometers apart.
As a general rule, select ACPs 5 to 20 kilometers apart when using scales of 1:100000 and below, and NM when utilizing map scales of 1:250000 and above.
29
What crew actions/procedures are performed upon contact with the enemy?
The first crewmember to recognize a threat will immediately announce enemy contact, type (hostile fire), and location of threat. If the situation requires, employ immediate suppressive fire.
1. Deploy to cover. The P* will use the appropriate evasive maneuvers and suppressive fires for the contact. The P will assist with clearing the aircraft and retaining location of enemy.
2. Report. The P will develop and send a report to higher.
3. Maintain enemy contact. Both crewmembers will continue to observe the enemy using aerial observation and masking techniques. At times, it may be necessary to lose visual with the enemy to ensure aircraft is safely masked from the enemy.
4. Develop the situation. Use various reconnaissance techniques as appropriate. Reconnaissance by fire-both direct and indirect may be used to develop the situation.
5. Choose a course of action. This is usually briefed or understood from the tactical order or mission brief. The course of action may be anything from a hasty bypass to a hasty attack based upon assets AVAIL and the end state of the mission.
30
Why must contact with the enemy be maintained after initial contact has been made?
Contact reduces the threat's ability to achieve surprise. Once contact is made, it is not voluntarily broken; orders must be received to break contact or be defined in the bypass criteria of the OPORD. To do otherwise could risk the survival of the unit because gaining and regaining contact are inherently risky endeavors.
31
What is the main criteria for selecting a Course of Action (COA) normally?
Resuming the mission as soon as possible is normally the main criteria for COA selection.
32
What are the possible COAs that may be selected during actions on contact?
A. Hasty Attack: Engage enemy on contact.
B. Bypass: Remain undetected and continue reconnaissance mission.
C. Hasty Screen: Maintain contact through observation.
D. Support by another team: Conduct a BHO for a hasty attack by another team, if available.
33
What are the five elements of an attack helicopter target handover? Give an example of a target handover to an attack helicopter using all five elements.
1. Alert and Target Description. This alerts the receiving element to the presence of and a description of the target.
2. Target Location. This provides the receiving element with the target location. Location may be a grid coordinate, a direction and distance, a laser spot, a prominent manmade feature or a prominent terrain feature.
3. Method of Engagement/Attack. This provides the receiving element with a planned scheme of maneuver or fire distribution plan.
4. Execution. This provides the receiving element the situational awareness needed to assess the engagement technique to utilize to service the target (i.e., At My Command, Heading 270°, Running Fire, HVR Fire, Diving Fire, etc).
5. Post Engagement/Attack Actions. This provides the receiving element a plan for further action. There may be a need to re-attack the target or exit the engagement area (EA).
RED 6 this is RED 7, we've identified hostiles in a pickup, armed with small arms. Target location is along a dirt road in vicinity grid FM 12345678. Engage target with circling fire. Continue circling after engagement.
34
What are the methods of target location used in an attack helicopter target handover?
```
A. Grid Coordinate
B. Direction and distance
C. Laser Spot
D. Prominent manmade feature
E. Prominent terrain feature
```
35
What is the minimum information required for an attack helicopter target handover?
Note. The five elements of the target handover format should be used when possible. In a situation requiring immediate suppressive fire from a wingman or supporting aircraft, the minimum information required is:
a. Target description.
b. Direction from the aircraft being engaged (magnetic azimuth or clock position).
c. Range from the aircraft being engaged.
36
You are flying NOE above the trees and you experience an engine failure and a landing in trees is your only option. What do you do?
A. Accomplish engine malfunction emergency procedures:
a. Autorotate
b. Emergency shutdown - accomplish during descent if time permits
B. Select a landing area containing the least number of trees of minimum height.
C. Decelerate to a minimum forward speed at treetop level.
D. Descend vertically into trees.
E. Apply all remaining collective prior to the main rotor blades entering the trees.
(Landing in Tree's, -10, para. 9-38, pg. 9-11)
37
You have inadvertently exceeded the flight envelope and the main yoke has contacted the mast. What are your actions?
Land as soon as possible.
| Mast Bumping, -10, para. 9-25, pg. 9-9
38
Discuss the techniques of movement and when they should be used?
Techniques of movement are designed to exploit the mobility of helicopters while employing the fire and maneuver concept. The techniques of tactical movement used by the crew are as follows:
1. Traveling. This technique is primarily used when enemy contact is unlikely. It is the fastest method for moving a formation of aircraft, but provides the least amount of security. Low-level flight and contour flight at high airspeed are normally used for movement.
2. Traveling over-watch. This technique is used when enemy contact is possible. It is characterized by continuous movement of the main elements. The over-watching element keys its movement to the terrain and its distance from the main element. Because the range at which targets can be observed will be limited, the over-watching element will remain well within the effective range of its weapon systems. It remains ready to fire or maneuver, or both, to support the main elements. Contour flight is normally used for movement. Airspeed is generally high and varied, depending on the weather, ambient light, terrain, and threat.
3. Bounding over-watch. This technique is used when enemy contact is expected and the greatest degree of concealment is required. Elements move by bounds. One element remains in position to observe, fire, or maneuver before the other element moves. Over-watching elements cover the progress of bounding elements from a covered and concealed position that offers observation and fields of fire against potential enemy positions. Contour flight and NOE flight are normally used for movement. Airspeed during each bound is varied, depending on the availability of vegetation and terrain for concealment.
39
What are the most important factors for the pilot to do for hazard avoidance?
The first important factor in hazard avoidance is for the pilot to be aware of his attitude toward terrain flight, physical conditioning, and fatigue. When airborne, the most important factor is for the pilot to "keep his head out of the cockpit." He must use proper visual scanning techniques and rapidly intercept the visual cues which aid in hazards identification.
40
What visual cues can be used to indicate enemy activity?
(a) Movement. The most easily detectable sign of enemy activity is movement. Movement may include disturbance of foliage, snow, soil, or birds.
(b) Color. Colors in nature tend to be subdued. Look for colors that stand out against, and contrast with, natural backdrops.
(c) Light. Light is the best indicator of activity at night.
(d) Obvious sightings. The enemy is skillful in the art of camouflage. The P*/P must be aware that obvious sightings may be intentional because of high concentrations of antiaircraft weapons.
(e) Shadows. Man-made objects cast distinctive shadows characterized by regular shapes and contours, as opposed to the random patterns that occur naturally.
(f) Smoke. Smoke should be observed for color, smell, and volume.
(g) Texture. Smooth surfaces, such as glass windows or canopies, will shine when reflecting light. Rough surfaces will not.
(h) Trails. Trails leading into an area should be observed for cues as to the type and quantity of traffic, and how recently it passed.
41
Based on a temperature of +30 degrees C and a PA of +570 feet what torque setting and airspeed should be used to obtain your maximum rate of climb?
A. Torque: Set to maximum available (per the PPC)
B. Airspeed: Adjust to airspeed corresponding to max r/c per the PPC
a. Will vary depending on aircraft gross weight at cruise
42
How do you squawk emergency on the transponder in the OH-58?
A. Rotate the transponder selector knob to Emergency
| B. Manually input 7700 into the squak code box.
43
When will hot-mike procedures be used in accordance with the 1-212th SOP?
OH-58 Crewmembers shall use HOT MIKE during slope training and during terrain flight 50' AHO and below.
44
While flying in A.O. Vanguard, in the contour mode of flight, you hear a sharp rumble or a series of loud reports, severe engine vibration and a rapid rise in TOT depending on the severity of the surge. What should you do?
1. Collective - Reduce
2. ENG DEICE and HTR switches - OFF
3. LAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
(Engine Compressor Stall)
45
What are the tactical considerations when recommending an LZ/PZ?
(a) Mission. Determine if the LZ or PZ will facilitate the supported unit's ability to accomplish the mission.
(b) Security. Consider size and proximity of threat elements versus availability of security forces. Consider cover and concealment, key terrain, and avenues of approach and departure. The area should be large enough to provide dispersion.
(c) Location. If conducting a reconnaissance for an insertion mission, consider distance of LZ/PZ/HA from supported unit or objective, and supported unit's mission, equipment, and method of travel to and from the LZ/PZ/HA.
46
What are the technical characteristics when recommending an LZ/PZ?
(a) Landing formation. Determine if the LZ/PZ/HA shape and size are suitable for the formation to be flown.
(b) Obstacles. Hazards within the LZ/PZ that cannot be eliminated must be plotted.
(c) Number of aircraft. Determine if the size of the LZ/PZ/HA will support the type and amount of aircraft that will be landing to the ground or hovering, as part of multi-ship operations. It may be necessary to provide an additional LZ/PZ nearby, or land aircraft at the same site in successive flights.
(d) Ground slope of the landing area. Normally if ground slope is greater than 15°, helicopters cannot land safely.
(e) Load suitability. When high density altitude/GWT operations are conducted, determine if the LZ/PZ/HA shape, size, vertical obstacles, and actual landing area surface condition will support operations by aircraft at/near their MAX operational GWT.
(f) Approach or departure direction. The direction of approach or departure should be over the lowest obstacles and generally into the wind with METT-TC considered.
(g) Size of LZ or HA. Generally, the minimum recommended landing point separation is 25 to 80 meters per aircraft (depending on the type of aircraft). The area around the LZ/PZ/HA should be clear of obstacles that could cause aircraft damage. Situation depending, consideration should be given to plotting obstacles.
(h) Surface conditions. Consider blowing sand, snow, or dust. Be aware that vegetation may conceal surface hazards (for example, large rocks, ruts, or stumps). Areas selected should also be free of sources of rotor wash signature. If the area is wet, consider the effects of mud and aircraft WT.
(i) Vulnerability. Consideration must be given to the vulnerability of ground troops in the LZ/PZ during air assault operations and to helicopters in the HA.
47
What are the meteorological conditions evaluated when conducting an LZ/PZ reconnaissance?
(a) Ceiling and visibility. This must be considered in order to prevent IIMC.
(b) Winds. Determine approach and departure paths.
(c) Density altitude. High density altitude may limit loads and therefore require more sorties.
48
During the selection of a holding area, what are some important considerations for the location?
HA(s) are usually selected primarily by the map reconnaissance and it may not be feasible to conduct a reconnaissance by aircraft prior to arrival. If it is determined to be unsuitable for use after arrival, an alternate area may be chosen. The following items will be considered when selecting a HA.
(1) Obstacles within the HA.
(2) Cover and concealment.
(3) Key terrain.
(4) Avenues of approach and departure.
(5) Security.
49
While flying in A.O. Vanguard you experience surges in engine RPM. What are the underlined steps?
a. GOV INCR switch ─ INCR for maximum RPM.
b. Throttle ─ Adjust to 97% N2.
c. Land as soon as possible.
If engine surges are not controlled in steps a. and b. above, proceed as follows:
a. Autorotate ─ When over a safe landing area.
b. Emer Shutdown ─ Accomplish during descent if time permits.
50
What information must be known prior to conducting a route reconnaissance?
Prior to conducting a route reconnaissance, the crew must know certain information about the route. As a minimum, the crew should know the designation, limits and units using the route along with the times, weather and objectives.
51
What is the purpose of a route reconnaissance?
Crews conduct route reconnaissance to obtain detailed information about a specific route and all adjacent terrain where the enemy (or friendly) could influence movement along the route. The reconnaissance may be oriented on a road, an axis, an air route, or a general direction of advance.
52
List and describe the three different types of bypass conditions?
The three bypass conditions are bypass easy, bypass difficult, and bypass impossible:
(a) Bypass easy. This means that a US 5-ton can cross the obstacle within the immediate vicinity of the bridge without work to improve the bypass.
(b) Bypass difficult. This means that the obstacle can be crossed within the immediate vicinity, but some work is required to prepare the bypass (ensure that the estimation of time, troops and equipment necessary to prepare the bypass is included on the recon report).
(c) Bypass impossible. This means bypass can be crossed only by repairing the existing structure, constructing a new one, or establishing a new one. A detour is an alternative route which crosses the obstacle at some distance from the original site.
53
Describe the ground route categories X, Y, and Z and how each is used to determine route type?
(1) All-weather (type X). A type X road is, with reasonable maintenance, passable throughout the year with the volume of traffic never significantly less than the road's maximum capacity in good weather. This type of road has a waterproof surface and is only slightly affected by rain, frost, thaw, or heat. It is not closed to traffic because of weather other than snow blockage. Examples are concrete or bituminous roads.
(2) Limited all-weather (type Y). A type Y road, with reasonable maintenance, can be kept open in bad weather to a volume of traffic which is considerably less than its normal good-weather capacity. This type of road does not have a waterproof surface and is affected by rain, frost, or thaw. Examples are crushed rock or gravel roads.
(3) Fair weather (type Z). A type Z road becomes quickly impassable in bad weather and cannot be kept open by normal maintenance. It is seriously affected by rain, frost, or thaw. Examples are natural or stabilized soil, sand, clay, shell, or cinder roads.
54
Describe the factors used during a ground route reconnaissance?
(1) Surface type. The surface may be concrete, blacktop, sand, gravel, or clay.
(2) Width. The width is estimated and expressed in the number of lanes or meters. The same road might provide two lanes for 5-ton truck traffic by only one lane for M1 tanks. Lanes may also be expressed in meters. With a hasty route recon, the scouting element may not know traffic using the route.
(3) Drainage. This is an important consideration if the road surface is gravel, clay, or sand. The crown height determines how effective the drainage will be. The road and ditches should be checked for standing water during wet seasons.
(4) Surface condition. Combat damage, cuts, craters, dirt slides, ruts, cracks, or excessive erosion are important surface condition elements.
(5) Grades and curves. Steep grades of 7 percent or greater than and sharp curves with 25-meter or less radius reduce the suitability of the road and are likely enemy ambush sites. These may be considered obstructions depending on the vehicle traffic expected.
(6) Drive-off capability. Shoulder condition, width, and slope determine whether vehicles can be parked off the roadway.
(7) Concealment. Trees which overhang the shoulders offer limited concealment for parked vehicles.
55
What are the six elements of a call for fire broken down by each call?
(radio transmission #1)
a. Observer identification (appropriate call sign).
b. Warning order (type of mission, size of the element to fire for effect, and the method of target location).
(radio transmission #2)
c. Location of target (grid coordinates, preplanned target numbers, or other data such as the direction, left or right, or add or drop from a known point).
(radio transmission #3)
d. Description of target (for example, “Infantry in the open”).
Note. An accurate target description will allow the Fire Direction Center (FDC) to choose the best method of engagement.
e. Method of engagement (type of adjustment, trajectory, ammunition, and distribution). Area fire, low angle, high explosive, and circular distribution are the respective standards for those sub-elements.
f. Method of fire and control (for example, “At my command”).
56
State and explain the four types of missions which normally are communicated during the first call for fire transmission?
Adjust Fire - When the observer believes the situation requires an adjusting round (because of questionable target location or lack of registration corrections), the observer announces ADJUST FIRE.
Fire for Effect - The observer should always strive for first round fire for effect. The accuracy required to fire for effect depends on the accuracy of target location and the ammunition chosen. When the observer is certain that the target location is accurate and that the first volley should have the desired effect on the target so that little or no adjustment is required, the observer announces FIRE FOR EFFECT.
Suppress - To quickly bring fire on a target that is not active, the observer announces SUPPRESS (followed by the target number). Normally, suppression missions are fired on planned targets, and a length of time to continue firing (duration) is associated with the call for fire.
Immediate Suppression or Immediate Smoke - When engaging a planned target or target of opportunity that has taken friendly maneuver or elements under fire, the observer announces IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION or IMMEDIATE SMOKE (followed by the target location). When conducting an immediate mission the CFF is sent in one transmission.
57
What are the methods in which target location can be communicated to the Fire Direction Center (FDC)?
```
Grid
Laser Grid
Polar Plot
Laser Polar
Shift from a Known Plot
```
58
What is included in the target description?
What the target is (troops, equipment, supply depot, trucks).
What the target is doing (digging in, in an assembly area).
The number of elements in the target (squad, platoon, three trucks, six tanks).
The degree of protection (in the open, in foxholes, in bunkers with overhead protection).
The target size and shape if these are significant. For a rectangular target, give the length and width (in meters) and the attitude. For example, 400 BY 300, ATTITUDE 2800. For a circular target, give the radius. For example, RADIUS 200. For a linear target, give the length and attitude.
59
Define EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN.
The term EMER SHUTDOWN is defined as engine shutdown without delay.
1. Throttle – Close.
2. Fuel Valve Shutoff Handle – OFF.
3. BAT switch – OFF. Before turning the battery switch off during in-flight emergencies requiring EMER SHUTDOWN, the pilot should consider a "MAYDAY" call, setting the transponder on emergency, and the possible adverse effects of total electrical failure.
60
If an engine underspeed occurs, what actions must be performed?
If an engine underspeed occurs, the collective must be adjusted downward to maintain rotor RPM within limits. If powered flight with rotor in the green can be accomplished:
Land as soon as possible in an area that will permit a run-on landing. An engine underspeed below 90% results in rotor RPM decay below minimum safe limits. Should this occur:
Autorotate.
Emer Shutdown ─ Accomplish during the descent if time permits.
61
What are the altitudes for the North Corridor at Shell Army Heliport?
Outbound: 800' MSL
Inbound: 1,000' MSL
62
What is the traffic pattern altitude at Troy Airport?
1,100' MSL
63
What is terrain flight?
Terrain flight is a tactic that uses terrain, vegetation, and manmade objects to mask aircraft from visual, optical, thermal and electronic detection systems. Terrain flight training is conducted at 200 feet or less above the highest obstacle (AHO).
64
What is the definition of an Air Control Point (ACP)? What is the definition of a Check Point (CP)?
AIR CONTROL POINT (ACP) - An easily identifiable point on the terrain or an electronic navigational aid used to provide necessary control during air movement. Air control points are generally designated at each point where the flight route or air corridor makes a definite change in direction and at any other point deemed necessary for timing or control of the operation.
CHECK POINT (CP) – A geographical location on land or water above which the position of an aircraft in flight may be determined by observation or by electronic means.
65
Describe the three modes of terrain flight and when they should be used.
1. Low Level Flight – Flight using a constant altitude and airspeed as dictated by the threat avoidance. Used when enemy contact is unlikely.
2. Contour Flight – Flight conducted at low altitudes conforming to the earth's contours. It is characterized by relatively constant airspeeds and varying altitude as dictated by terrain and obstacles. Used when enemy contact is possible.
3. NOE Flight – NOE flight is conducted at varying airspeeds as close to the earth's surface as vegetation and obstacles permit. Used when enemy contact is expected.
a. Note: The maximum altitude/airspeed for NOE training is 25 Feet / 40 KIAS (1-212th SOP)
66
During terrain flight mission planning, when should time tick marks be used?
(1) Time tick marks will be used to help control timing and navigation and will be marked on the right side of the course line.
(2) Time tick marks will start at the SP of the route.
(3) At a minimum, two minute tick mark intervals will be used. One minute intervals are recommended for training.
(4) Ensure that the time tick marks reflect the selected ground speed.
(5) All ACPs will have the estimated time of over flight annotated to the right side of the ACP symbol. As an ACP is passed, note the actual time of arrival and make necessary adjustments to the airspeed and/or time. (FM 3-04.203)
(6) An exact time of passing prominent intermediate navigation features (edge of large fields, roads, rivers, etc.) may be calculated and labeled for more precise pilotage.
(7) Enroute times should be a total elapsed time to each objective. Time will not be stopped and restarted at each ACP unless extenuating circumstances require it (e.g. temporary disorientation).
(8) When using Falcon View, time can be zeroed once per route so that mission time (from T/O to Landing) and route time (from SP to RP) can both be planned.
67
What are the three categories of terrain flight hazards?
Meteorological
Physical
Human factors
*The aviator must be constantly alert for all hazards to terrain flying. Hazards to terrain flight can be classified as physical, weather, and human factors.
68
What are the six types of wires?
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Communication wires
Power wires
Booby trap
Fence wires
Guy wires
Tow missile wires
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*Throughout the world, wires are common at all altitudes and are found in the most unlikely places. Wire hazards consist of power lines, guy wires, communication wires, fences, missile guidance wire, and wire barriers erected by the enemy.
69
Define aircrew coordination.
Aircrew coordination is the cooperative interaction between aircrew members necessary for safe, efficient, and effective performance of flight tasks.
70
What are the three categories of the aircrew coordination principle “Communicate Effectively and Timely”?
A. Announce and Acknowledge Decisions and Actions.
B. Ensure statements & directives are clear, timely, relevant, complete, & verified.
C. Be Explicit.
71
Why is standard crew terminology important when communicating in the tactical environment?
To mitigate any confusion within the cockpit. Standard terminology leads to a more effective crew.
72
While hovering to the takeoff pad at Shell Army Heliport, you experience a left yaw, drop in engine RPM, drop in rotor RPM, low RPM audio alarm, illumination of ROTOR RPM warning light, ENGINE OUT warning light, and change in engine noise.
ENGINE FAILURE AT A HOVER
Autorotate.
Emer Shutdown ─ Accomplish after landing.
73
If a fire is observed during flight, what are your actions?
If a fire is observed during flight, prevailing circumstances such as VMC, IMC, night, altitude, and landing areas available must be considered in order to determine whether to execute a power-on, or power-off landing.
a. If power-on landing:
1. Land as soon as possible.
2. Emer Shutdown ─ Accomplish after landing.
b. If power-off landing:
1. Autorotate.
2. Emer shutdown ─ Accomplish during descent if time permits.
74
What are the requirements for monitoring corridor frequencies?
Aircraft will monitor the appropriate corridor frequency anytime when in a corridor/transition or within 3KM of a corridor/transition ACP or within 1KM of a corridor center line.
75
When must you contact Troy Tower?
Initial contact should be made prior to entering Troy's controlled airspace (Class D or Class E surface based extension).
76
What may the Northern and Southern “H” at Troy Airport be used for?
Departures Only
77
On which radio should you contact Troy Tower/Ground? Which radio is used for air-to-air or for advisory calls while on the ramp at Troy?
VHF Radio:
Tower: 124.3
Ground: 121.9
Air/Ground Advisory (CTAF):
VHF: 122.8
78
What are the PC's responsibilities in regard to weight and balance?
A. The accuracy of computations on the DD 365-4
B. That a completed 365-4 is aboard the aircraft to verify that the weight and center of gravity remain within allowable limits for the entire flight.
79
What is the procedure for performing the hover power check?
While near the intended takeoff point and in the direction of takeoff, establish the aircraft at a stabilized 3-foot HVR. Compare the actual TQ required to HVR with the predicted MAX TQ AVAIL.
80
When should a hover OGE check be verified?
An OGE HVR check should be verified anytime aircraft controllability or PWR is in doubt.
81
What maneuvers that we conduct require OGE power?
The aircrew will not attempt the tasks listed below if the 3-foot HVR PWR check indicates that less than 15% TQ differential exists, indicating that OGE PWR is not AVAIL:
1. Hover Out-of Ground Effect Check
2. Terrain Flight Takeoff
3. Terrain Flight
4. Terrain Flight Approach
5. Terrain Flight Deceleration
6. Maximum Performance Takeoff
7. Masking and Unmasking
8. Low Reconnaissance
a. Pinnacle or Ridgeline Operations
b. Urban Helipad Operations
c. Platform Landing/Takeoff Operations
d. High Altitude Operations
82
While flying in a formation, you start to receive varying degrees of feedback, binding, resistance, or sloppiness. There is no indication that there is a hydraulic malfunction. What are your immediate action steps?
Flight Control Malfunction:
1. LAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
2. EMER SHUTDOWN after landing.
83
What are the airspeed limits for the TH-67?
NOTE
Autorotation above 100 KIAS will result in high rates of descent and low rotor RPM.
0 to 130 Knots Continuous Operation
130 Knots Maximum
100 Knots Maximum for Autorotation
VNE for internal Gross Weight above 3,200 pounds is 78 KIAS, not to exceed placarded VNE.
84
What are the rotor limits for the TH-67?
90 % Minimum Operation
50 to 60 % Accelerate through this range
90 to 107 % Normal Operation
107 % Maximum
Power on Transient Rotor Droop Limit is 95% (5 seconds Maximum).
85
Define dynamic rollover
A helicopter is susceptible to a lateral-rolling tendency called dynamic rollover. Dynamic rollover can occur on level ground as well as during a slope or crosswind landing and takeoff. Three conditions are required for dynamic rollover - pivot point, rolling motion, and exceed critical angle.
86
What is the critical angle?
Each helicopter has a static rollover angle that, if exceeded, will cause the aircraft to rollover. The static angle is based on CG and picot point. This angle is described as being the point where the aircraft CG is located over the pivot point.
When a rolling motion is present the dynamic rollover angle is introduced and is called the critical angle. The dynamic angle varies based on the rate of the rolling motion of the helicopter. The greater the rolling motion (less bank angle) the critical angle will be exceeded. If the dynamic rollover angle is exceeded, momentum will carry the helicopter through the static angle, regardless of corrections by the aviator.
87
What are the certain factors that can influence dynamic rollover?
Certain factors influence dyanimic rollover including right skid down, left pedal inputs (single rotor aircraft), lateral loading (asymmetric loading), crosswind, and high roll rates.
88
What are the physical factors that may contribute to dynamic rollover?
```
A. Main Rotor Thrust
B. CG
C. Tail Rotor Thrust
D. Crosswind Component
E. Ground Surface
F. Sloped landing area
G. Low Fuel Condition
```
89
What is the recommended control input if the onset of dynamic rollover is encountered?
Smooth and moderate collective reduction is recommended if the onset of dynamic rollover is encountered.
