Buzzwords Flashcards
thunderclap headache
SAH (PKD)
xanthochromic LP
SAH
lucid period after head trauma
extradural haemorrhage
cogwheel rigidity
parkinson’s
woody texture muscle swelling
duchenne/becker MD
raised CK
muscular dystrophy
tow walker or positive powers sign
muscular dystrophy
mask like expression
parkinson’s
fluctuating cognitive deficit
Lewy body/delirium
REM disturbance (later in night)
Lewy body/parkinsons
vivid visual hallucinations normally of children and not threatening
lewy body
acute onset cognitive disturbance that fluctuates
delirium
personality/behaviour change then dementia
frontotemporal dementia (pick’s disease)
memory and personality problems in someone with CVS disease
vascular dementia
stepwise deterioration
vascular dementia
pian on loud noice
facial Nerve plasy
painful third nerve palsy
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
myalgia + myositis + myoglobulinaemia/uria
rhabdomyolysis (-> DIC/AKI)
inflammatory myopathy with poor response to steroids
inclusion body myositis
weakness + frontal balding + cataracts + ptosis
myotonic dystrophy (onset 30s, Fox)
leg symptoms + midline shift
falcon herniation
back pain worse on coughing
slipped disc
back pain worse on coughing
posterior fossa issue
Bilateral sciatica + male sexual dysfunction +/- bowel & bladder sx
cauda equina
pleocytosis (increase in WBC in CSF)
rule out meningitis
very high (>2000) protein on LP
TB meningitis
migraine prophylaxis 1st line
propanolol, topiramate or amitryptyline
migraine prophylaxis 2nd line
valproate, pizotifen, gabapentin
injury upper brachial plexus
erb’s palsy
erb’s palsy
waiters tip
shoulder dystocia
injury to lower brachial plexus
Klumpke’s
Klumpke’s
claw hand
Horner’s syndrome, pulling injury, asleep on bar stool
positive simmonds test
achilles tendon rupture
myasthenia gravis
postsynaptic antiacetylcholine receptor antibode
purely motor symptoms with ocular sparing
MND
cervical myelopathy
high stepping gait + Romberg’s positive
raccoon or pandas eyes
fracture of anterior cranial fossa
battle sign behind ears
fracture of middle cranial fossa (mastoid of temporal)
diarrhoea + progressive ascending weakness
Guillain barre
3rd person auditory hallucinations
schizophrenia
mesocortiyal dopamine hypoactivity
negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia
subcortical domaine hyperactivity
psychosis
mesolimbic Da blockade
depression
mesolimbic Da agonism
psychosis
clozapine s/e
agranulocytosis
cardiomyositis
weight gain
clozapine monitoring
once a week for 6 months
once every 2 weeks for next 6 months
every 4 weeks after + one month after stopping
limbic system functions
M2OVE Motivation Memory Olfaction Visceral afferents Emotion
brain changes in schizophrenia
reduced frontal lobe volume & grey matter
enlarged lateral ventricles
reduced grey matter in temporal cortex
pressure of thought
varied ideas in abundance
poverty of thought
lack/absence of thoughts
thought blocking
abrupt & complete interruption of stream
flight of ideas
moving quickly but there’s a link
knight’s move thinking
no link
Treat extrapyramidal s/e
procylcodine
amygdala
normal response to threat
pre-frontal cortex
dampens amygdala’s response to threat
OCD managment
SSRI
borderline LD
70-80
mild LD
50-69
moderate LD
35-49
severe LD
20-34
profound LD
<20
beck’s triade
negative feelings about self, world and future
NMDA antagonists
psychotic symptoms
alcohol withdrawal
chlordiazepoxide starting at 30mg QDS
alcohol withdrawal sexiures
within 48 hours
delirium tremens
48-72 hours
eosinophilic inclusions
lewy bodies
risk of what with MAOIs
hypertensive crisis
MAOI hypertensive cirsis
phentolamine infusions
avoid TCA in
cardiac problems or patients with suicidal intent
cherry red spot at macula
CRAO
tar drop or blood level in sinus
blow-out fracture
blow-out fracture
can’t look up + double vision
feaulre to adduct + nystagmus in abducting eye
internuclear ophthalmoplgia
internuclear ophthalmoplegia
issue with medial longitudinal fasciculus
pain on eye movement + change in vision
optic neuritis
painful loss of vision
optic neuritis
curtain coming down back to normal in < 5 mins
amaurosis fugax
flashes & floaters
retinal detachment
curtain coming down longer than 5 mins
retinal detachment
photophobia, posterior synechiae, cells in anterior chamber
anterior uveitis
gritty
bacterial conjunctivitis
foreign body
watery and pain and pre-auricular lymph noes
viral conjunctivitis
silver/copper wiring on fundoscopy
HTN eye disease
loss of red reflex, red eye on ophathlmoscope
vitreous haemorrhage
new vessels + haemorrhage
ARMD wet
follicular conjunctivitis
chlamydia
pinpoint pupils
pontine issue
dilated pupils
trans-calcarine fracture
different sized pulil
damage to CN3 or horners
down out dilated
damage to CN3
down out not dilated
Diabetes
roth spots
infective endocarditis
brushfield spots
downs
scrambled egg appearance of macula
best disease
drusen
dry ARMD
US snowstorm appearance
hydatidiform mole
Frog-spawn or grape like expulsion
hydatidiform mole
antepartum haemorrhage in patient with succenturiate lobe or velamentous insertion
vasa praevia
maternal blood & no feral distress
placenta praevia excluded before vaginal examination
foetal blood & sudden foetal distress
vasa praevia
doughy abdomen, antepartum haemorrhage & tense uterus
placenta accreta
planta accreta pathology
insertion into myometrium post endometrial ablation
treatment placenta accreta
c-section +/- hysterectomy (always give contraception_
fetal distress, loss of engagement, precious C-seciot
uterine rupture
PPH followed by pituitary failure
Sheehan’s syndrome
strawberry cervix
trichomonad vaginalis
trichomonad vaginalis treatment
metronidazole
clue cells, high vaginal pH (>4.5)
bacterial vaginosis
BV treatment
metronidazole
prolapse & back pain
uterine prolapse
large tense uterus (woody abdomen) bleeding and pain
placental abruption
sky high HCG
molar pregnancy
hypogodaotrophic hypogodaism & anosmia
kallmans
fluid level behind drum
OME
retracted drum
OME
dull coloured drum
OME
difficulty at school & having to shout loud for child to hear
Hearing loss OME
feeling of fullness in ear
menieres
issues with hearing and balance after viral illness
labrynthitis
loss of corneal reflex, sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus
acoustic neuroma
acoustic nerouma
assoc with NF 2
vertigo on rotation of head in bed
BPPV
battle sign
bruising on skull behind ear
mastoid process of temporal bone fractures
pearly white Otoscopy
foul cheesy discharge
cholesteatoma
saddle nose
Wegner’s granulomatosis
little’s area
branches from external carotid - maxillary & facial
branch from internal carotid - ophthalmic
Edward’s
chromosome 18
patau
chromosome 13
down’s
chromosome 21
ADHD triad
hyperactive
inattentive
impulsive
ADHD treatment
methylphenidate or atomoxetine
autism
social problems
language problems
repetitive behavious
aspergers
social problems
statin + grapefruit
bad
metronidazole + alcohol
bad
wardfarin + cranberry
bad
warfarin + amiodarone
amiodarone potentiates anticoagulant affect
statin + clarithromycin
bad
calcium + thyroxine
decreased absorption from GIT
warfarin + NSAID
bleed
ACEi + spironolactone
hyperkalaemia
digoxin + verapamil
digoxin toxicity
fluoxetine + phenelzine
serotonin syndrome
serotonin syndrome
hyperthermia
tremor
CVS
b1 deficiency
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
Wernicke’s encephalopathy
ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and confusion
irreversible wernicke’s
korsakoffs
Wernicke’s treatment
pabrinex
contraindications to triptans
ischaemic heart disease
uncontrolled hypertension
lithium, SSRIs
cabergoline
stuck on appearance
basal cell papilloma (seborrheic keratoses)
picket fence pearly border, rodent ulcer
BCC
dermatitis herptiformis
coeliac disease
erythema nodosum assoc
sarcoidosis
IBD
TB
erythematous bullseye lesion
erythema migrant
lyme disease
ash leaf spots shagreen patches epilepsy periungum sclera adenoma sebacum
tuberous sclerosis
honey coloured crust
impetigo
impetigo
staph or group a haemolytic strep
cafe au last spots
lische spots in eyes
axillary freckline
NF 1 or 2
silver scales
extensor surfaces
at sites of trauma
psoriasis
cauliflower appearance
plantar warts
kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV
immunocompromised
kaposi’s sarcoma virus
HHV8
intense erythema on cheeks & proximal limbs
slapped cheek (erythrovirus parvovirus B19)
parvovirus B19 in SCD
aplastic anaemia
small umbilicate translucent papule that look fluid filled but are solid
molluscum contagiosum
flaccid blisters that can be burst easily to form erythematous erosions
pemphigus vulgaris
large tense bull that are itchy and cannot be burst
bullous pemphigoid
heliotrope rash and scaly knuckles (gottron’s papule) and muscle pain
dermatomyositis
fish scale skin
ictthyosis
velvety thickened lesions in axiallae
acanthuses nigricans
acanthuses nigricans
Addisons (due to increased ACTH)
diabetes
target lesions
erythema multiforme
schistocytes
intravascular haemolysis
pepper pot skull
myeloma
reed Sternberg cells
CD30 positive
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
philadelphia chromosome
9,22 translocations
chronic myeloid leukaemia
atypical lymphocytes
EBV (mononucleosis)
Heinz bodies
G6PD deficiency
alpha thalassaemia
HbH disease
auer rods
acute myeloid leukaemia
pence-jones proteins
multiple myeloma
itchy after a hot bath
polycythaemia rubra vera
translocation 8,14
burkitt’s
african kid with history of EBV and tumour in face/jaw
burkitts
alcohol makes pain worse
hodgkin’s
haemarthrosis
haemophilia
bleeding into joint
problem with secondary haemostasis
reduced levels of factor IX with Christmas disease
haemophilia B
christmas disease
deficiency of factor IX
young boy with reduced levels of factor VII and increased APTT
haemophilia A
priapism
assoc with sickle cell disease
gum infiltration, bilobed large mononuclear cells
AML
smudge cells peripheral blood lymphocytosis small mature lymphocytes
CLL
Von Willebrand disease
behaves like platelet disorder
prolonged bleed time and APTT
IgM paraprotein
Waldenstorm’s macroglobulinaemia
raised ESR and osteoporosis
myeloma until proven otherwise
patient has fever and pleuritic chest pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward
pericarditis
irregularly irregular pulse
AF
saw tooth baseline
150bpm
atrial flutter
alveolar bat wing's Kelley b lines cardiomegaly dilated prominent upper lobe vessels pleural effusion
pulmonary oedema
raised JVP
right sided heart failure
sense of impending doom
MI
saddle shaped ST elevation
pericarditis
broad complex tachycardia
ventricular
mid-diastolic murmur with tapping undisplayed apex
mitral steonsis
broad QRS with slurred upstroke on R wave
delta wave
WPW
tall tented t waves
hyperkalaemia (and wide QRS)
j wave in ECG
hypothermia
patient gets pericarditis 4-6 weeks post MI
Dressler syndrome
blurred yellowing vision headache
digoxin toxicity
laneway lesions
osler’s nodes
subacute bacterial endocarditis
continuous machine like heart murmur
patent ductus arteriosus
rib notching on CXR
coarctation of aorta
crescendo decrescendo murmur
aortic stenosis
diminished/absent lower limb pulses
coarctation of aorta
radio-femoral delay
coarctation of aorta
radial-radial delay
coarctation or aortic dissection
MRS ASS
mitral regurgitation systolic
aortic stenosis systolic
systolic murmur radiating to neck
aortic stenosis
sudden tearing/ripping chest paid radiates to back
aortic dissection
stony dull to percuss
pleural effusion
right sided pleuritic chest pain
pneumonia
ground glass on CXR
pulmonary fibrosis
RDS of newborn
ziehl nelson stain positive for acid fast bacilli
TB
caseous necrosis
TB
military TB
spread of organism into bloodstream
miliary TB via pulmonary artery
dissemination into lungs
military TB via pulmonary vein
systemic dissemination to liver, spleen, kidneys
positive anti-GBM
goodpastures
chest infection with parrot/pigeon as pet cause
chlamydophilia psittaci
dry cough and diarrhoea after holiday abroad, some indication of water spread
legionella pneumophilia
test for legionella
urinery antigens
hyponotraemia
tall thin young man who indulges in marijuana
pneumothorax (marfan’s)
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, erythema nodosum, granulomas, fatigue, uveitis and weight loss
sarcoidosis
bronchiole wider than neighbouring arterial on CT
signet ring sign
bronchiectasis
d sign on x-ray
empyema
steeple sign on xray
laryngotracheobronchitis/croup
child with barking cough
croup
pneumocystis pneumonia
HIV
pneumocystis pneumonia treatment & prophylaxis
co-trimoxazole (+ red if severe)
samter’s triad
asthma
nasal polyps
salicylate sensitivity
alcoholic/aspiration pneumonia
kelibseilla
red jelly sputum
klebsiella
mucoid sputum
chlamydia psittaci
rusty sputum
pneumococcal pneumonia
canton ball metasases
classically primary RCC
morning headahce
hypercapnia
S/E nitrates
ACTH secreting lung tumour
Small cell carcinoma of lung
PTH secreting lung tumour
squamous cell
small cell carcinoma
neuroendocrine
highly malignant
ectopic endocrine syndromes
increased ACE & calcium
sarcoid
eggshell calcification at hilarity regions
silicosis
heart failure cells seen in alveolar spaces
macrophages that have absorbed haemosiderin
chronic pulmonary oedema, pulmonary hypertension. LVF
ghon focus
an area of infection and caseous necrosis at the periphery of the lung beneath the pleura (TB)
ghon focus rupture
TB pleurisy
assmann focus
apical lesion of secondary TB
coin lesion on CXR
rounded solitary lesion
carcinoma, metastases, bronchial hamartoma, granuloma, abscess
Horner’s syndrome cause
local spread of cancer to the intrathoracic nodes or a pan coast’s tumour
invades cervical sympathetic chain
Horner’s syndrome signs
ptosis (drooping of eyelid)
enophthalmos (sunken eye)
miosis (small pupil)
lack of sweating on ipsilateral face
acute asthma management
OSHIT MAN oxygen salbutamol (2.5mg) nebuliser hydrocortisone 100mg IV (pred 40mg oral) ipratropium bromide (0.5mg) nebuliser theophylline IV or aminophyline magnesium ANaesthetist
thumbprint on head x-ray
epiglottitis
inspiratory whoop/barking cough
pertussis
snow storm appearance on CXR
baritones, silicosis
management of COPD exacerbation
iSOAPi - ipratropium
S - Salbutamol
O - Oxygen
A - amoxicillin
P - prednisolonenon-smoker + peripheral lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
squamous + small cell lung cancers location
central
high d-dimers
?PE
low d-dimers
excludes PE
large PE
thrombolysis
small PE
LMWH
honeycomb lung
fibrosing alveolitis
gingival hypertrophy
gingivectomy
S/E of CCBs or phenytoin
bird beak appearance
achalasia
bird beak appearance in lower GI
bowel obstruction
grey turner’s
lumbar redness acute pancreatitis
cullen’s
umbilical redness
pancreatitis
I GET SMASHED
pancreatitis idiopathic gallstones ethanol trauma steroids mumps autoimmune scorpion bites/ Stings hyperlipidaemia/hypothermia/hypercalcaemia ERCP Drugs
Murphy’s sign positive
cholecyctsitis
pale stools, jaundice, abdo pain
biliary obstruction
abdo distension, caput medusae, shifting dullness
portal hypertension + ascites
pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum
Crohn’s UC
tinkling bowel sounds
bowel obstruction
vesicular rash + weight loss
coeliac
virchow’s node
left supra-clavicular
gastric cancer
urea breath test
h pylori
c13 breath test
bacterial overgrowth
glycholate breath test
bacterial overgrowth
rice water stool
vibrio cholera
Primary biliary cirrhosis
AMA
autoimmune hepatitis
ASMA
AFP
hepatocellular carcinoma
teratoma
cobblestone mucosa (fissuring)
crohn’s
diuretic for ascites
spironolactone
corkscrew oesophagus on barium swallow
diffuse oesophageal spasm
severe abdo pain & diarrhoea after milk
campylobacter
russel’s sign
self-induced vomiting
mallory’s hyaline bodies
alcoholic liver disease & chronic active hepatitis
crypt abscess/cryptitis
UC
onion skinning fibrosis, beading of bile ducts
PSC
signet ring cells on biopsy
linitis plastica
diffuse stomach cancer
thumb printing on AXR at splenic flexure
ischaemic colitis
charcot’s triad
acute cholangitis
fever
jaundice
abdo pain
causes for abdominal mass
A CHEMICAL AAA Crohns hernia enlarged organ malignancy intussusception crypt/abscess appendicitis lymphadenopathy
causes for bowel obstruction
BATH VIPS bolus adhesions tumour hernia volvulus intussusception pseudo-obstruction stricture
bloody diarrhoea fragmented RBCs metallic green stool cultures
e.coli 0157
e. coli
undercooked hamburgers
red macule on body
salmonella typhi
playing with turtles, undercooked chicken
salmonella enterididis
bloody diarrhoea, haemorrhage mucosa + ulcers on distal colon
shigella dysenteria
india, severe dehydration, watery diarrhoea
vibrio cholerae
unpasteurised milk, Guillain barre
campylobacter
catecholamines in the urine, headaches, hypertension, palpitations
phaeochromocytoma
tanned skin without being on holiday
addison’s
increased shoe size, spade hands, wedding ring too tight, headache
acromegaly
hyperthyroidism + eye changes + smooth velvety skin
grave’s
mood face, proximal weakness, stretch marks, buffalo hump, abdominal fat
cushings
ketones on break
DKA
deep laboured breathing kussmaul breathing
metabolic acidosis
orphan Annie nuclei
papillary thyroid cancer
psammoma bodies
papillary thyroid cancer
bone pain
stones
abdo pain
psychiatric problems (bones, stones, groans, moans)
hypercalcaemia
butterfly rash
SLE
malar flush
mitral stenosis
heat intolerance, palpitations, diarrhoea
hyperthyroidisim
cold intolerance weight gain constipation
hypothyroidism
anosmia & isolated GnRH deficiency
Kallmann’s
Trousseau sign, Chvostek sign and QT prolongation (on ECG)
hypocalcaemia
acute management of hypocalcaemia
IV calcium gluconate (10 ml of 10% over 10 mins in 50% desxtrose or saline)
brachydactyly (short bones) of 4th metacarpal
pseudohypoparathyroidism
pencil in cup x-ray
psoriatic arthritis
sausage fingers
psoriatic arthritis
wrist drop
radial nerve palsy
dinner fork deformity in wrist
displaced colles fracture
swan\s neck deformity in wrist
displaced colles fracture
pain/tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
scaphoid fracture
feels like walking on pebbles
advanced rheumatoid arthritis in the feet - subluxation of the metatarsophalangeal joints
Arthritis + Uveitis + Urethritis (can’t see, can’t pee, can’t bend the knee)
reiter’s
foot drop
common fibular (perineal)
fractures which are high risk for AVN
Proximal scaphoid, Intracapsular femoral, femoral condyles, humeral head, capitellum and proximal talus
sagging rope sign
AVN
Negative birefringent, needle shaped urate crystals (yellow to blue)
gout
Envelope shaped/rhomboid, mildly positive birefringent Ca pyrophosphate crystals
pseudogout
Positive anterior drawer test (tibia can be pulled forward easily on the femur when knee flexed)
ACL rupture/tear
Pain in internal rotation and extension of knee at 90 degree
lateral menisceal tear
Painful arc (pain on abducting between about 70-120 degrees)
damaged supraspinatus tendon, frozen shoulder, rotator cuff tendon impingement
difficulty with external rotation of shoulder
frozen shoulder
Dry eyes, mouth, skin, +ve Schirmer’s test
sjogren’s
Dry eyes, mouth, vagina, bronchitis
sicca syndrome
locked knee
bucket handle meniscus tear
Bamboo spine on X RAY, sacroiliitis and question mark posture
ank spond
shortened & externally rotated leg
displaced neck of femur fracture
shortened and internal rotated leg
dislocated femoral head
onion peel sign bones
Ewing’s sarcoma
Sunday spiculation
osteosarcoma
popcorn calcification
chondrosarcoma
soap bubble appearance
giant cell tumour (benign)
scalp tenderness & jaw claudication
temporal arteritis
positive gower’s
duchenne
swollen woody calves
duchenne or becker
hatchet like face
myotonic dystrophy
rosary bead sign
polyarteritis nodosa
light bulb sign
posterior shoulder dislocation
shepherd’s crook deformity
fibrous dysplasia
Loosers zone on x-ray
pathognomic of osteomalacia, a thin translucent band, approximately 2mm in width, which represents a pseudo fracture or incomplete stress fracture
loin to groin pain
renal colic
sea anemone
TCC on cystoscopy
UTI + travel to India
Carbapenase-producing Klebsiella (Resistant to all antibiotics)
UTI with foul smelling urine & renal calculi
proteus
beading of renal artery
fibromuscular dysplasia
RBS casts in urine
haematuria is glomerula
muddy brown casts of epithelial cells
acute tubularnecrosis
potato appearance
testicular seminaoma
blue dot sign
Torsion of testicular appendix (cremasteric reflex still present)
Schistosomiasis/ catheterisation increase risk of
SCC
apple green birefringence on Congo red stain
amyloidosis
swinging fever
abscess or malaria
TB treatment
2 RIPE 4 RI
ABCDE skin
asymmetry border colour diameter evolving/elevation
DKA causes
5Is Infection Ischaemia Infarction Ignorance Intoxication
4Hs
hypovolaemia
hypothermia
hyperkalaemia/hypokalaemia
hypoxia
4Ts
tamponade
tension pneumothorax
thromboembolism
toxin
4Ts of PPH
tissue retained
tone uterin
thrombin coagulopathy
trauma
staph aureus abx
flucloxacillin
MRSA abx
vancomycin or teicoplanin
nosocomial pneumonia (severe) abx
IV amoxicillin + metronidazole + gentamicin
nosocomial pneumonia (mild) abx
amoxicillin + metrondiazole
CAP CURB 0-2 abx
amoxicillin
pen allergy -> doxycyline
CAP CURB 3 or more
IV co-amoxiclave + IV clarithromycin
intra-abdominal sepsis
IV amoxicillin + met + gent
recurrent/relapse c. diff
fidoxamicin
mild c. diff
metronidazole
severe c. diff
oral vancomycin
acute exacerbation COPD
- amox
2. doxy
legionnair’s
erythromycin/clarithromycin
epiglpttitis (h. influenzae)
ceftriaxone
amoebiasis
metronidazole
giardiasis
metronidazole
