Business: Unit 4-Operations Department Flashcards

1
Q

operations department

A

takes inputs and changes them into outputs for customer use

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2
Q

productivity(formula)

A

output
_______
input

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3
Q

productivity of labour(formula)

A

no of hours/output
_______________
no of employees

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4
Q

cost per unit

A

total cost
________
total output

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5
Q

buffer inventory(definition, 3 adv, 4 disadv)

A

inventory held to deal with uncertainty in customer demand and deliveries of supplies

+ can easily respond to customer’s wants
+might win customers when competition is low on cost
+continuity of production process

  • costs money
  • may become out of date
  • wastage
  • selling out-of-date stock cheaper
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6
Q

lean production

A

techniques used by businesses to decrease waste therefore increasing efficiency

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7
Q

types of waste

A
overproduction 
waiting
motion
defects
over-processing
unnecessary invention
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8
Q

benefits of lean production(3)

A
  • higher labour productivity
  • less stock needed
  • improved health and safety
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9
Q

Kaizen(definition, 3 advantages)

A

philosophy where emploees work together to achieve regular improvements
+increased productivity
+reduced amount of space needed
+work-in-progress is reduced

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10
Q

just-in-time(definition, 2 +,2-)

A

reducing/eliminating the need to hold inventories of raw materials and unsold inventories

+quick selling->better cashflow
+reducing inventory costs

  • suppliers must be on time
  • unexpected high orders
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11
Q

cell production

A

production line is divided into separate units each maing a part of the finished product

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12
Q

JOB PRODUCTION(definition, 4 +, 5 -)

A

a single product is made at a time, products are made specifically to order

+suitable for one off’s and personalised services
+more varied work for workers->increased motivation
-> greater job satisfaction
+flexible and high quality goods/services->higher prices
+product meet exact customer requirement

  • skilled labour raises costs
  • mistakes might be expensive to correct
  • materials might have to be specially purchased
  • production takes a long time
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13
Q

BATCH PRODUCTION(definition, 4+,3-)

A

a quantity of a product is produced, than a quantity of a different product is produced

+ flexible way of working
+variety to workers
+variety of products
+if one machine breaks down, production can continue

  • expensive-more space needed as products have to be moved to new production stage
  • machines have to be reset ->delay
  • warehouse space
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14
Q

MASS PRODUCTION(definition,5 +, 4 -)

A

large quantities of products are produced in a continuous process
+high output
+cost of making each item is kept low by high sales
+may benefit from economies of scale
+automated production
+no need to move goods around

  • boring for workers
  • storage requirements-> high costs of inventories
  • initial capital cost is very high
  • if 1 machine breaks down, the whole production line stops
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15
Q

technology imprivement(3 e.g, 5 +, 4-)

A

automation, mechanisation, EPOS

\+production increases
\+new types of jobs
\+better quality
\+quicker decision making
\+quicker communication
  • unemployment rises
  • expensive investment
  • employees unhappy with changes
  • outdating technology
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16
Q

fixed costs

A

costs whcih do not vary with the number of items sold/produced

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17
Q

variable costs

A

costs which vary with the number of items sold/produced

18
Q

total costs(f)

A

total fixed costs+total variable costs

19
Q

average cost(f)

A

total cost of production
____________________
total output

20
Q

break-even analysis(f)

A

total fixed costs
____________
price-variable costs

21
Q

safety margin(f)

A

current output-break-even output

22
Q

using cost data helps with (4)

A
  • setting/changing prices
  • deciding wether to stop production
  • deciding on the best location
  • deciding on future investments
23
Q

advantages(using cost data)

A

+expected profit/loss at any level of output
+impact on decisions of profit/loss
+calculate safety margin

24
Q

limitations(using cost data)

A
  • assumes all goods are sold
  • assumes scale of production doesn’t change
  • assumes costs&revenue are linear
  • only calculates break-even point of production
25
economies of scale
``` managerial marketing technical financial purchasing ```
26
diseconomies of scale
poor communication low morale slow decision-making
27
Quality
a good/service which meets customer expectations
28
advantages of good quality
``` +establish brand image +build brand loyalty +increase sales +maintain good reputation +attract new customers ```
29
if quality is not mantained
- lose customers to other brands - have to replace faulty products which raises costs - customers tell other people about their bad experience->creates bad reputation
30
QUALITY CONTROL-3 facts
- checking only finished goods - detection of components that are faulty - considerable waste
31
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT-3 facts
- everyone thinks about quality - customer needs are paramount - quality is the aim for everything
32
QUAILTY ASSURANCE-3 facts
- check during and after production - aim is to stop faults and attain standards - helps with team working&responsability
33
Quality Control(definition 2 +, 3-)
Checking for quality only at the end of the producrtion process +eliminates faults before they get to client +less training requiered -expensive -identifies the prblem but it's difficult to solve it -increased costs for redundancies
34
Quality Assurance(definition, 2 +, 2-)
Checking for quality standards throughout the production process +eliminates faults before they reach customers +reduces costs because products don't have to be scrapped - expensive to train employees - relies on employees following intructions of standards set
35
Total Quality Management(definition, 4 +, 2 -)
Continous improvement of products&processes by focusing on quality at each step of production +quality becomes built into every part of production +eliminates all faults before the get to clients->no complaints-> improved brand image->higher sales +reduced costs +waste is removed & efficiency is increased - expensive to train employees - relies on employees to follow TQM ideology
36
quality control vs quality assurance(5)
QUALITY CONTROL VS QUALITY ASSURANCE focused on product vs focused on process reactive vs pro-active line function vs staff function finds defects vs prevents defects testing vs quality audits
37
why does location matter:
- long term strategic decisions - very costly decision - it has a lot of factor to account for
38
``` factors influencing locations- Manufacturing Businesses(6) ```
- production method - proximity to raw materials - cost benefits - availability of skilled/unskiled labour - gov. incentives and regulations - trnsport and communication
39
``` factors influencing locations- Service Businesses(5) ```
- cost of premises - proximity to customers - government incentives and regulations - accessibilty - availability of skilled labour
40
reasons for relocation to different countries(4)+chains of reasoning
- SATURATED DOMESTIC MARKET - >if demand of local market fails->business might seek new markets->results in relocating to a different country - CHEAPER LABOUR - >minimum wage variations->siginificantly reducing business costs->improves profit margin - CHEAPER RENT - >rent might be cheaper->reduces costs - PROXIMITY TO RAW MATERIALS - >reduces transportation costs and time->increases efficiency
41
legislations
health and safety marketing laws data protection
42
trade barriers
quota's on imports-> business might choose to relocate in a country so they are no longer exporting to that country->avoids being affected