Business and Government Flashcards
The __________ Standards Act (1938) concerned wages and overtime payments, child labor and equal rights.
Fair Labor
Explanation
This was to stop the use of child labor aged 16 to 18 in dangerous occupations such as mining and logging.
The National __________ Recovery Act instituted fair trade codes in each industry, set a 40-hour work week, gave labor the guaranteed right to bargain collectively, and abolished child labor.
Industrial
Explanation
The National Industrial Recovery Act was designed to help the recovery of industry in the United States. The National Recovery Administration was formed to encourage businesses to follow the fair trade codes.
The National _______________ Board was created in 1935 to enforce the Wagner Act.
Labor Relations
Explanation
The National Labor Relations Board was created to enforce the Wagner Act, a popular name for the National Labor Relations Act. It supervised union elections and investigated possible unfair labor practices by employers.
Collective __________ is an attempt by a union and management to come to an agreement on employment conditions, and if successful, results in a contract.
bargaining
Explanation
The Wagner Act requires employers to engage in collective bargaining with a National Labor Relations Board certified union.
Through collective bargaining, unions work out a contract detailing conditions of employment for union employees. When a claim is made that the contract has been violated, this is known as a ________.
grievance
Explanation
The contract should describe a grievance procedure which outlines how the grievance will be dealt with.
Unions and companies must _______ in good faith, assuming the union is certified by the National Labor Relations Board.
bargain
Explanation
The union must be certified by the NLRB. To be certified, the union must represent the employees who are affected by this bargaining, and have been elected by those employees to represent them.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) makes it illegal to discriminate against workers, in any aspect of employment, who are over the age of _____.
forty
Employers covered by the ADEA are those with more than ___ employees, unions with 25 or more members, employment agencies as well as federal, state and local governments.
20
Explanation
Unions are covered by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) as well because the opportunity to discriminate based on age also exists in the unions.
With ___________________ government regulation, legislatures mandate specific behavior and establish a regulatory agency to monitor and enforce compliance.
command and control
Explanation
Command and control regulation is commonly used by governments to enact social policies. Policies for example related to public housing, state education, welfare etc.
Under President ____’s administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration was created to enforce workplace standards to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses and deaths.
Nixon
Explanation
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was established in 1971.
To enforce its standards, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) conducts __________ inspections.
unannounced
Explanation
OSHA conducts unannounced inspections at worksites, most commonly due to complaints or accidents. The highest priority sites for inspections are those which have had a life-threatening situation or accidents involving deaths or three or more workers injured severely enough to require hospitalization.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act not only created OSHA; it also created the _________ for Occupational Safety and Health to advise OSHA on new health and safety rules and regulations.
Institute
Explanation
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health was created to perform research on health and safety standards and recommend new standards and regulations to the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA).
The Occupational Safety and Health ______ Commission was created under the Occupational Safety and Health Act to review appeals from OSHA’s decisions.
Review
Explanation
In _____, Congress passed the Workers Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act (WARN) in response to the sudden dismissal of employees without sufficient notice coupled with company shutdowns.
1988
Explanation
It is stated within this law that companies with more than 100 employees must give 60 days advance notice of layoffs and plant closings to full time staff, unions, and state and local government.
In the United States, ____________ has been seriously advocated since the early 1980s.
deregulation
Explanation
Deregulation is the removal of government controls from an industry or sector, to allow for a free and efficient marketplace.
In the past few decades, some industries that were under strict government control have been opened up to ___________ through deregulation, or the abandonment or relaxation of existing regulations.
competition
Explanation
Until recent deregulation measures were taken, companies in the airline and banking industries were under such strict government control that they had little or no competition.
According to _______, the relationship between business and government is an adversarial one due to a “clash of ethical systems.”
Jacoby
Explanation
The two systems are the collectivistic ethic of government and the individualistic ethic of business.
The collectivistic ethic of __________ is characterized by the subordination of individual goals and self interests to group interests and goals.
government
Explanation
Government officials typically view themselves as regulators, taxers and punishers of business.
The ___________ ethic of business is characterized by minimizing the obligations society places on individuals and emphasizing personal responsibility and freedom.
individualistic
Explanation
Businesspeople view government officials and regulations as obstacles to economic success with much power to punish and hinder and little power to assist.
Businesss primary means of influencing government is through ________.
lobbying
A group that tries to influence public policy is called an ______ group.
interest
Explanation
Interest groups are a powerful lobbying force in American politics.
A ________ is a representative of an interest group who actively tries to influence public policy.
lobbyist
Explanation
Lobbyists work in Congress to try to put forth issues that are important to their group.
Because ___________ in an industry often have common objectives when it comes to government action, they often unite to form a lobbying group in an attempt to persuade legislators to vote for their groups interest.
competitors
Explanation
The American Banking Association and the American Medical Association are both examples of associations typically involved in lobbying activities.
One of the methods that interest groups use to achieve their goals is through a ________________ committee.
political action
Explanation
A political action committee (PAC) is a group that raises and distributes money to candidates. Some are independent, and some are associated with a specific interest group.
Political Action Committees are organizations which help funnel ________ contributions from interest groups.
financial
Explanation
Political Action Committees (PACs) are organizations used by interest groups to make financial contributions.
Since campaign laws limit the abilities of a business to donate money directly to a ________, businesses will often instead funnel money through a PAC.
candidate
Explanation
Through a political action committee (PAC), a business can solicit contributions from its employees and then allocate the money to various candidates. PACs are controversial and will likely be a target of campaign reform in the near future.
Also known as the _____________ bill, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 placed restrictions on individual and corporate campaign contributions.
McCain-Feingold
Explanation
The bill sought to limit personal and corporate spending, restrict out of state contributions, ban corporate and labor union contributions and eliminate soft money contributions to political parties.
Business influences the public through ___________, public relations and other types of communication.
advertising
Explanation
Public relations often includes using publicity–one of the four ingredients of the promotion mix.
