Building Successful Information Systems Flashcards
What are the steps in the systems development life cycle?
Design, Implementation, Maintenance, Planning, Analysis
the systems development life cycle is also called
the waterfall model
what is the main goal of an information system
delivering useful information in a timely manner to the right decision-maker
What needs to be done throughout the sldc process?
measure feasibility
Establishing ___ ___ ensures objectivity throughout the sldc process.
Evaluation Criteria
Where does the input in the different phases of SLDC come from?
internal and external users
This team collects user feedback and works toward getting users involved from the
beginning.
Task force
What is the composition of the task force?
Representatives from different departments (including IT), systems analyst, top management, and technical advisers
During the ____ phase,
which is one of the most crucial
phases of the SDLC model, the
_____ must define
the problem the organization
faces, taking care not to define
___ rather than the
underlying problem.
planning, system designer, symptoms
employees who will use
the system regularly, and
they can offer important
feedback on the system’s
strengths and weaknesses.
internal users
are not employees but do use the system
external users
Using a task force for
designing an information
system is similar to using the
JAD Approach
a collective activity involving users, top management, and IT professionals.
Joint Application Design
What do you call the structured workshop done in a JAD approach
JAD Session
measure of how beneficial or pratical an information system will be to an org
Feasibility
analyzes a
proposed solution’s feasibility and
determines how best to present
the solution to management.
Feasibility Study
dimensions of a feasibility study: assesses a system’s costs and
benefits.
economic feasibility
T or F: Economic Feasibility Measures Tangible costs only
F. Tangible and Intangible
To assess economic feasibility, the team tallies tangible ___ and ___for the system and compares them with expected financial benefits of the
system.
development and operating costs
____________ into the SLDC process is a good idea to ensure the systems success.
Integrating Feasibility Checkpoints
The most common analysis methods are
payback, npv, roi, irr
What is used to sell the system to the top management?
the cost benefit analysis report
Which Dimension is concerned with the technology that will be used in the system.
Technical Feasibility
Lack of technical feasibility
can also stem from an organization lacking the expertise, time, or personnel to implement the new system is also called?
“a lack of organizational readiness.”
What is the solution to “a lack of organizational readiness.”
Extensive Training
is the measure of how well the
the proposed solution will work in the organization and how internal and external customers will react to it.
Operational Feasibility
Which dimension is concerned with whether the new
system can be completed on time.
Scheduling Feasibility
Which dimension is concerned with legal issues
Legal Feasibility
analysts define the problem and generate alternatives for solving it.
requirements-gathering and analysis phase
This document is then sent to
all key users and task-force members for approval.
System Specifications
What is the indication that the analysis phase has ended and the start of the design phase?
The creation of the systems specification document
What are the two major approahces to the analysis and design of information systems?
- Structured Systems Analysis and Design
- Object Oriented Programming
The models created during the analysis phase constitute
the design specifications.
What is the difference between SSAD and Object Oriented Approach?
-SSAD independently approaches the process and data before designing
-Object Oriented Approach treats process and data simultaneously that analysis and design seem like a single phase.
Modeling tool that helps define the system’s scope
Data Flow Diagram
Illustrates the logical steps in a process but does not show data elements and associations;
Flowchart
Shows a process at a more general level and is helpful for showing top management and the task
force how a process works
Context Diagram
During the __________
analysts choose the solution that
is the most realistic and offers the
highest payoff for the organization.
design phase
The design phase has three parts:
conceptual design, logical design, and physical design
is an overview of the system and does not include hardware and software
The Conceptual Design
more specific than conceptual design becaue it indicates hardware and software
Logical design
is created for a specific platform, such as choosing Dell servers running Ubuntu Linux, Dell laptops running Windows 10 and Internet Explorer, Java for the programming language, and SQL Server 2019 for
the relational DBMS.
Physical Design
These tools are particularly helpful for investigation and analysis in large-scale projects because they automate parts of the design phase.
Computer-aided Systems Engineering
Is the fastest wat to put an IS into an operation
Prototyping
What are prototypes used for?
- Gathering System Requirements
- Helping to determine System Requirements
- Determining a system’s technical feasibility.
- Selling the proposed system to users and management
shows users how
a particular task that was not
technically feasible can be done.
proof of concept prototype
is used to sell a proposed system to users or management by showing some of its features.
Selling Prototype
What are the approaches to making a prototype
using an external vendor, using software packages or fourth-generation programming languages, or using high-level programming languages and developing the prototype from scratch.
In _____ the old and new systems run simultaneously for a
short time to ensure the new system works correctly.
However, this approach is costly and can be used only
if an operational system is already in place.
parallel conversion
as each module of the new system is converted, the corresponding part of the old system is retired. This process continues until the
entire system is operational. Although this approach is not suitable in all situations, it can be effective in accounting and finance.
Phased In — Phased Out
the old system is
stopped and the new system is implemented. This
approach is risky if there are problems with the new
system, but the organization can save on costs by not
running the old and new systems concurrently.
Plunge (Direct-cutover)conversion
the analyst introduces
the system in only
a limited area of
the organization,
such as a division or
department. If the
system works correctly,
it is implemented
in the rest of the
organization in stages
or all at once.
Pilot conversion
includes activities required to plan,
manage, and control the creation
and delivery of information
system.
IT Project management
What are the three project management techniques?
- Program Evaluation Review Techniques (PERT)
- Critical Path Method (CPM)
- Gantt Chart
PERT and CPM work by determining the
Critical Path
The completion time in the gantt chart is also called?
The milestone
In the gantt chart, the x axis and y axis mean?
x = completion time
y = activities
is a written document with detailed
specifications that is used to request bids for equipment, supplies, or services from vendors.
Request for proposal
What phase and duration does the creation of an RFP take?
6-12 months, implementation phase
is a screening document
for gathering vendor information
and narrowing the list of potential
vendors. It can help manage the
selection of vendors by focusing on
the project requirements are
crucial to selecting vendors.
Request for Information
What is the biggest drawback of using rfis?
it is not suitable for complex projects because it can be used only for selecting three or four
finalists from a list of candidates.
SLDC approach is an implementation approach called?
Insourcing
is when
end users develop their own
information systems, with little
or no formal assistance from the
information systems team.
Self-sourcing
list of applications that are not requested is often longer than
the backlog,
“invisible” backlog.
Creating private
data should be ____, if not ____.
minimized, eliminated
approach, an organization hires
an external vendor or consultant
who specializes in providing
development services.
Outsourcing
is the process of outsourcing tasks that are traditionally performed by
employees or contractors to a large
group of people (a crowd) through
an open call.
Crowdsourcing
Disadvantages of Outsourcing: may not full meet the organizations information systems from passing on the control of the is functions
Loss of Control
Disadvantages of Outsourcing: too dependent where a change in the outsourced company greatly impacts the client
Dependency
Disadvantages of Outsourcing: leakage of confidential information
Vulnerability of Strategic Information
What is an important task in the maintenance phase?
Help Desk Creation
What instances should the SDLC model be deemed inappropriate to use?
- Lack of specification
- Input and Output process cant be identified
- Problem is a one time thing
- Needs keep changing
is a philosophy and a software and system development methodology
that focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small, self-
contained blocks of codes to meet the software needs of an organization.
Service Oriented Architecture
What do you call the block of codes in SOA
Services
concentrates on user involvement and continuous interaction between users and designers.
Rapid Application Development
RAD combines what phases?
Planning and analysis
Repeats the design, development, and testing steps based on the feedback of the users
Incremental Development
T or F: RAD is also called a low code or no code approach
T
divides a project into smaller
functions, and developers cannot go on to the next phase
until the current phase is finished.
Extreme Programming (XP)
In XP, Analysts write down on index cards called
Stories
Where two programmers participate in one development effort at one workstation, each programmer performs the action the other is not currently doing.
Pair Programming
Pair Programming is also called
Sharing the Keyboard
is similar
to XP in focusing on an incremental
development process and timely
delivery of working software.
However, there is less emphasis on
team coding and more emphasis on
limiting the project’s scope.
Agile Methodology
Agile Frameworks: focuses on a delivery cadence called a sprint and meeting structures that include planning, commitment, and daily standup meetings, allowing teams to communicate updates on their development status and strategies
Scrum
Scrum uses a delivery cadence called
Sprints
is a visual system for managing a project as it moves through various processes.
Kanban
