Building Exteriors Flashcards by Annie Wu

Dead Loads

Permanent

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Live Loads

Changing

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Static Loads

Constant but changes (ex. elevator)

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Dynamic Loads

Rapid growth, potential failures (ex. tree falling onto building)

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Resonant Forces

Rhythmic
Tangential (wind)

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Thermal Loads

Temperature changes

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Programming

How is the building going to be used, structural considerations

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Tensile Stress

Down and out force

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Compressive Stress

Pull and inward force

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Shear Stress

Tangential, up/down on each side

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Goal

Remain standing by resisting varying loads (calculated by the architect/engineer; then compared to local building codes)
Provide a way to move the load from the point of impact to the most steady part object – the ground beneath the building
Provide redundancies so if a structural element were damaged or removed, a fatal collapse would not be imminent

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Structural Frame

Building’s skeleton that supports the building

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Steel

Very resistant to compressive, tensile, and shear stresses
-bends but doesn’t melt at relatively low fire temperatures
-fireproofing material

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Type: Original Working Drawings

Who: Architect/Engineer
Intent: Sent to contractor for pricing. Used by contractor when building in the field

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Type: Shop Drawings

Who: Contractor/Sub-Contractor/Specialist
Intent: Confirms to the architect/engineer that the contractor understands what is to be built, and how it is to be built. Takes into account actual field conditions, which may often vary from what is described in the original working drawings

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Type: As-Built Drawings

Who: Contractor
Intent: Documents what was actually built

Kansas City Hyatt Disaster

Walkway system was underdesigned and lacked redundancy
One single pole turned into two suspended holes, one platform held weight for two rather than one
Tensile stress

Concrete

Very resistant to compressive stress
-reinforced concrete floor slab or deck
-regular concrete ie not very resistant to tensile stresses
-> reinforced concrete is resistant to tensile stresses

Reinforced Concrete

Wire mesh, very resistant to tensile stresses

Vapour Barrier

Usually made of plastic and used to deter moisture transference

Parking Garages

Concrete parking decks require periodic PM work and repairs
Northern climates that use salt on roads in winter accelerate deterioration of epoxy seal and rusting of wire mesh in concrete
A breakdown in the seal can also result in lime leaching from the concrete
-lime is a natural by-product of concrete

R-Value

Thermal resistance – high is good
-how well building materials resist the flow of heat
-the higher the number, the more efficient the facade system in reducing cooling costs
-are cumulative

Facade Purpose

Mitigate Air Infiltration
-building seals, vents, windows
Sound Attenuation
-acoustic abilities

EIFs (Exterior Insulation Finishing System) in Hospitality

Most suburban mid-scale, extended stay, limited service, and budget hotels have EIFs cladding
-should last 30-35 years

Weep Holes

If your facade allows some water pass, make sure that water can escape -building wrap/vapour barrier on the inside

Facade Damage

1. design deficiencies 2. poor selection of materials 3. improper construction 4. deferred maintenance -> maintenance activity that should be done but is not 5. applied forces 6. weight 7. vibrations 8. pollution 9. vandalism 10. air (especially oxygen) 11 temperature (in extremes) 12. wind (pressure and suction) 13. water

Facade Maintenance

Painting Cleaning – mold, graffiti, pollution -use high-pressure watching Inspecting – at least 2/yr Repairing – cracks, loose mortar, sealants

Windows

New buildings have fixed windows (non-operable) Single glazed – one pane of glass Double glazed – two panes of glass Tinted – coating designed to reflect heat and maintain a cooler building in summer and warmer in winter

Sustainability and Facades

High R-Value -facade and windows Windows double pane Property Facade and window seals – weather stripping Double or revolving doors Window tinting Sealed windows Capture energy from your revolving doors

Build-Up Membrane Roofing (BUR)

Very durable High insulation factor Higher costs -20-30 years

Single-Ply Membrane Roofing

Vinyl material, flexible, easy to install, ease to repair, cost effective

Flashing

Transition between membrane and other objects on the roof

Coping

Cap on parapet walls

Roof Drains

Slope your flat roof so rain/snow can drain away -make sure drains have caps to prevent build-up of debris -other equipment -metal coping -AHU, equipment curb, equipment stand

Equipment Curbs

Don't put equipment directly on roofing membrane -use stands

Infrared Roof Scan

Pinpoints moisture penetration under roof membrane -measures temperature

Maintenance – Roofs

2x annual for: -membrane deterioration -water blisters -ponding water -coping impact damage -rusting metal Supplement when possible with infrared scans (at 10 years or when work is scheduled) Before heavy rain, check roof drain for debris Keep detailed historical files Limit access on roofs When other trades must access roof, photos before & after, and set ground rules Flashing

Sustainability & Roofs

R-value? Solar reflectivity index (SRI) of roof Avoid traditional bitumen (asbestos) Greening roof White roof/cool pigments (high solar reflectance) Solar panels on roof