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BMS 114: Stem cells and society > Building embryos > Flashcards

Building embryos Flashcards

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1
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Formation of a 3D embryo

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2
Q

What is the abembryonic/ embyonic spatial axes?

A

In a post-implantation epiblast

  • Embryonic is where the inner cell mass is
  • Abembryonic is oposite the inner cell mass
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3
Q

What is the epiblast?

A
  • Derives from the inner cell mass and gives rise to the 3 germ layers
  • Outer germinal layer of a blastula stage embryo
  • In a mammalian embryo or chicken
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4
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A
  • Where the epiblast cells migrate through

- In a mammalian embryo or chicken

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5
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A
  • Part of the inner cell mass which gives rise to the extra embryonic tissue, including the yolk
  • Inner layer in the blastula stage embyro
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6
Q

What are the 4 main signalling centres?

A

1) Post epiblast
2) Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE)
3) Extra-embryonic endoderm
4) The node

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7
Q

Where is BMP4 concentration the highest?

A

Ventral side of the embryo

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8
Q

What does the concentraion on BMP4 cause?

A

1) BMP4 in the extraembryonic ectoderm induces NODAL in the epiblast
2) NODAL induces Lefty1 in DVE
3) Lefty1 gradient inhibits nodal, preventing it from spreading too far dorsally
5) BMP4 also induces WNT3, which activates Nodal

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9
Q

What does BMP4 inhibit?

A

Lefty1 in the visceral endoderm

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10
Q

What happens to DVE as the embryo grows?

A
  • Pushed more anterior (becomes AVE)
  • As DVE expresses Lefty1 (which inhibits NODAL)
  • NODAL expression pushed more posteriorly
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11
Q

What gradient is from the AVE and what does this cause?

A

1) DKK1
- Inhibits WNT and NODAL

2) Lefty1 (also from AVE)
- Inhibits NODAL

3) Net effect:
- WNT and TGFb signals are restricted to posterior epiblast

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12
Q

Which signals set up the primitive streak?

A

Wnt and TGFb (activated by NODAL)

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13
Q

Where is the highest nodal expression and what does this cause?

A

Node (Dorsal)

  • Where the notochord will start to form
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14
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A
  • Dermatomes
  • Vertebrae
  • Rib cage
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Catilage
  • Tendons
  • Skin
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15
Q

What do rhombomeres give rise to?

A

The brain

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16
Q

What gives cells posterior identity of the neural tube?

A

FGF

  • Keeps cells in a proliferating state
17
Q

What maintains cells anterior identity of the neural tube?

A

Anti-Wnts

18
Q

What is needed to form ectoderm in an ES cell?

A
  • Blockage of TGFb and BMP signals

- FGF needed

19
Q

What is needed to specify the PS in an ES cell?

A

WNT

Activin (TGFb)

20
Q

What happens to the node as the primitive streak extends anteriorly?

A

The node gets more anterior

21
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A
  • Part of the trophoectoderm on the outside of the blastocyst
  • Gives rise to the placenta
22
Q

What do the primitive endoderm cells give rise to?

A

The visceral and parietal endoderm

23
Q

What is the difference between gastrulation in a mouse and a primate?

A

In a mouse:
Bilaminar disc
Flat

In a primate:
Not a bilaminar disc
Aminotic cavity and secondary yolk sac

24
Q

Describe the spatial differentiation in the mouse

A
  • Primitive streak forms the mesoderm and endoderm

- The head region becomes the neural tube, somites and notochord

25
Q

What happens as the primitive streak elongates?

A
  • Spreads down the posterior side

- Casusing NODAL to be localised the dorsal position

26
Q

What you must do if you want to obtain specific pluripotent stem cells?

A

Must mimic the timing, concentraition and postion of the signals in the embryo

27
Q

What specifies the position of the neural tube?

A
  • BMP4 gradient from the ectoderm

- Shh gradient from the notochord

28
Q

What is somitogeneisis?

A

Formation of the somites

29
Q

What does FGF do and how?

A
  • Keeps cells in a proliferating state at the posterior of the neural tube of the embryo
  • High concentration at the posterior end, where RA is at a low concentration (as supresses proliferation)
30
Q

What does FGF and RA do?

A
  • Give cells posterior identity of the neural tube depending upon the concentration
31
Q

Where do somites form?

A
  • Where RA concentration is high

- FGF concentraion is low

32
Q

How do RA and FGF work with each other?

A

FGF causes proloferation

RA inhibits proliferation

BMS 114: Stem cells and society (15 decks)

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