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Neuroscience Y2S1 > Building Brains 3 > Flashcards

Building Brains 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the brainstem play a role in endocrine function? (1)

A

Via stimulation of the hypothalamus

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2
Q

How does the brainstem play a role in consciousness, alertness, and sleep? (1)

A

Via the ascending reticular activating system

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3
Q

Give two inputs to the inferior colliculi. (2)

A
  • Cochlea
  • Brainstem nuclei
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4
Q

Give two outputs of the inferior colliculi. (2)

A
  • Medial geniculate bodies
  • Auditory cortex
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5
Q

Give two functions of the inferior colliculi. (2)

A
  • Relays auditory information
  • Localises sound
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6
Q

Give two inputs to the superior colliculi. (2)

A
  • Retina
  • Visual cortex
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7
Q

Give two outputs of the superior colliculi. (2)

A
  • Tectospinal tract
  • Brainstem
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8
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi? (1)

A

Head and eye tracking movements

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9
Q

What is the role of the olives? (1)

A

Input to the cerebellum

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10
Q

Give two outputs of the midbrain tegmentum. (2)

A
  • Extrapyramidal tracts
  • Basal ganglia
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11
Q

Describe the reticular formation, including its location. (2)

A

Ill-defined collection of inter-mingled neurones.

It spans the length of the brainstem.

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12
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation? (1)

A

Controls consciousness, alertness, and sleep via the ascending reticular activating system.

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13
Q

Name the three approximate groups of nuclei in the reticular formation, and their relative locations. (6)

A
  • Raphe (median)
  • Magnocellular (medial)
  • Parvocellular (lateral)
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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter do the raphe nuclei of the reticular formation produce? (1)

A

Serotonin

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15
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract? (1)

A

Head and neck orientation to visual stimuli

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16
Q

Describe the lateralisation of the tectospinal tract. (1)

A

Innervates contralaterally

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17
Q

Name the original input/s to the tectospinal tract.

A

Visual cortex and retina

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18
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate? (1)

A

Superior colliculus (midbrain)

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19
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract decussate? (1)

A

In midbrain (quickly after it starts)

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20
Q

In roughly which area of the brainstem and spinal cord does the tectospinal tract descend? (1)

A

Medially

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21
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract terminate? (1)

A

Upper cervical levels of the spinal cord

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22
Q

Name cranial nerve I. (1)

A

Olfactory nerve

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23
Q

Is cranial nerve I sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory

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24
Q

What is the role of CNI? (1)

A

Sense of smell

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25
Q

Name CNII. (2)

A

Optic nerve

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26
Q

Is CNII sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory

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27
Q

What is the role of CNII? (1)

A

Vision from the retina

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28
Q

Name CNIII. (1)

A

Oculomotor

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29
Q

Is CNIII sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Motor and parasympathetic

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30
Q

Describe the motor functions of CNIII. (5)

A
  • Medial rectus (eye movements)
  • Superior rectus (eye movements)
  • Inferior rectus (eye movements)
  • Inferior oblique (eye movements)
  • Levator palpabrae superioris (lifting eyelid)
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31
Q

Describe the parasympathetic function of CNIII. (2)

A

Pupil constriction

via sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles

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32
Q

Name CNIV. (1)

A

Trochlear

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33
Q

Is CNIV sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Motor

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34
Q

What is the function of CNIV? (1)

A

Rotates eye (superior oblique)

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35
Q

Name CNVI. (1)

A

Abducens

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36
Q

Is CNVI sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Motor

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37
Q

Give the role of CNVI. (1)

A

Abducts eye (lateral rectus)

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38
Q

Name CNV. (1)

A

Trigeminal

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39
Q

Is CNV sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory and motor

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40
Q

What is the sensory function of CNV? (1)

A

Sensation from face

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41
Q

What is the motor function of CNV? (1)

A

Muscles of mastication

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42
Q

Are the cranial nerves considered part of the central or peripheral nervous system? (1)

A

Peripheral

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43
Q

Name CNVII. (1)

A

Facial

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44
Q

Is CNVII sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic

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45
Q

Give the sensory functions of CNVII. (2)

A
  • Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • Skin behind ear
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46
Q

What is the motor function of CNVII? (1)

A

Muscles of facial expression

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47
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CNVII? (1)

A

Salivary glands (except parotid)

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48
Q

Name CNVIII. (1)

A

Vestibulocochlear

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49
Q

Is CNVIII sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory

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50
Q

What is the function of CNVIII? (1)

A

Hearing and balance

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51
Q

Name CNIX. (1)

A

Glossopharyngeal

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52
Q

Is CNIX sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic

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53
Q

What is the sensory function of CNIX? (1)

A

Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

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54
Q

What is the motor function of CNIX? (1)

A

Pharynx (stylopharyngeus muscle)

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55
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CNIX? (1)

A

Salivation (parotid gland)

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56
Q

Name CNX. (1)

A

Vagus

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57
Q

Is CNX sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Sensory, motor, and parasympathetic

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58
Q

What are the sensory functions of CNX? (2)

A
  • Sensation from pharynx and palate
  • Taste from epiglottis
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59
Q

What is the motor function of CNX? (1)

A

Soft palate and larynx

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60
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CNX? (1)

A

Thoracic and abdominal viscera/organs

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61
Q

Name CNXI. (1)

A

Accessory

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62
Q

Is CNXI sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Motor

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63
Q

What are the functions of CNXI and what muscles does it innervate? (4)

A
  • Turn head (sternocleidomastoid)
  • Shrug shoulders (trapezius)
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64
Q

Name CNXII. (1)

A

Hypoglossal

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65
Q

Is CNXII sensory, motor, parasympathetic, or a mix? (1)

A

Motor

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66
Q

What is the function of CNXII? (1)

A

Tongue movements

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67
Q

If there was a lesion in CNXII, what clinical sign would be seen? (1)

A

Tongue deviates towards damaged side

68
Q

Which is the only cranial nerve to originate on the dorsal side of the brainstem? (1)

A

CNIV

69
Q

Which cranial nerves/parts of cranial nerves does the salivatory nucleus contain? (1)

A

Parasympathetic parts of:
- Facial CNVII
- Glossopharyngeal IX

70
Q

Which cranial nerves/parts of cranial nerves does the nucleus ambiguus contain? (1)

A

Motor parts of:
- glossopharyngeal CNIX
- Vagus CNX

71
Q

What is the role of the dorsal motor nucleus in the brainstem? (1)

A

Parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus nerve

72
Q

Which cranial nerves/parts of cranial nerves does the solitary nucleus contain? (1)

A

Sensation from:
- Facial VII
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Vagus X

73
Q

Which cranial nerves/parts of cranial nerves does the spinal trigeminal nucleus contain? (1)

A

Sensation from:
- Trigeminal V
- Facial VII
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Vagus X

74
Q

Give three functions of the cerebellum. (3)

A
  • Equilibrium (balance)
  • Posture
  • Dynamic coordination and synchronisation of muscles
75
Q

Complete the sentence… (2)

The cerebellum stores …………… and compares them with actual movement, then feeds back to the ………………

A

Motor plans

Cortex

76
Q

Name the three STRUCTURAL divisions of the cerebellum. (3)

A
  • Anterior lobe
  • Posterior lobe
  • Flocculonodular lobe
77
Q

Which is the largest lobe of the cerebellum? (1)

A

Posterior lobe

78
Q

Name the fissure of the cerebellum which separates the anterior and posterior lobes. (1)

A

Primary fissure

79
Q

Name the fissure of the cerebellum which separates the posterior lobe and the flocculonodular lobes. (1)

A

Posterolateral fissure

80
Q

Name the part of the cerebellum which lies medially and joins the hemispheres. (1)

A

Vermis

81
Q

Describe the three components of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum. (3)

A

Nodulus in the middle

Flocculus on either side

82
Q

The superior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum with which part of the brain? (1)

A

Midbrain

83
Q

The middle cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum with which part of the brain? (1)

A

Pons

84
Q

The inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the cerebellum with which part of the brain? (1)

A

Medulla

85
Q

Name the three FUNCTIONAL divisions of the cerebellum. (3)

A
  • Vermis/intermediate zone
  • Lateral hemispheres
  • Flocculonodular lobe
86
Q

What is the role of the deep cerebellar nuclei? (1)

A

Output pathways of the basal ganglia

87
Q

Name the three deep cerebellar nuclei. (3)

A
  • Fastigial
  • Dentate
  • Interposed
88
Q

The spinocerebellum is composed of which functional zone of the cerebellum? (1)

A

Vermis/intermediate zone

89
Q

The cerebrocerebellum is composed of which functional zone of the cerebellum? (1)

A

Lateral hemispheres

90
Q

The vestibulocerebellum is composed of which functional zone of the cerebellum? (1)

A

Flocculonodular lobe

91
Q

How many layers of cortex does the cerebellum have? (1)

A

3

92
Q

Name the cortical layers of the cerebellum from outer to inner. (3)

A
  • Molecular
  • Purkinje
  • Granular
93
Q

Describe the cells seen in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex. (1)

A

Dense granular cells

94
Q

Describe the cells seen in the purkinje layer of the cerebellar cortex. (1)

A

Single layer of purkinje cells

95
Q

Describe the elements that would be seen in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. (3)

A
  • Interneurones
  • Granular axons
  • Purkinje dendrites
96
Q

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex receives input? (1)

A

Granular layer

97
Q

Which layer of the cerebellar cortex gives output, and where to? (2)

A

Purkinje cells give output to cerebellar nuclei.

98
Q

Describe the axons of granular cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. (1)

A

Parallel fibres

99
Q

Describe a simple typical pathway of input to output in the cerebellum. (5)

A

Input to granular cells

Axons ascend to molecular layer

Granular axons synapse on purkinje dendrites in molecular layer

Purkinje cells project to deep cerebellar nuclei

Output from cerebellar nuclei

100
Q

Describe the function of mossy cells in the cerebellum. (2)

A

Carry signals from spinal cord and brainstem

to granular cells.

101
Q

Describe the ratio of mossy fibres : granular cells in the cerebellar cortex. (1)

A

One mossy fibre : many granular cells

102
Q

Describe the role of climbing fibres in the cerebellum. (2)

A

Carry signals from olives

to purkinje cells.

103
Q

Describe the ratio of climbing fibres and purkinje cells in the cerebellum. (2)

A

Each purkinje cell receives input from one climbing fibre.

Each climbing fibre can innervate many purkinje cells.

104
Q

Which deep cerebellar nuclei are most medial? (1)

A

Fastigial

105
Q

Which deep cerebellar nuclei are the largest? (1)

A

Dentate

106
Q

Give the input and output of the vestibulocerebellar pathway. (3)

A

INPUT:
Vestibulocochlear nerve

OUTPUTS:
Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract

107
Q

What is the role of the vestibulocerebellar pathway? (2)

A

Receives proprioceptive information

and mediates posture, balance, and head movements.

108
Q

Describe the vestibulocerebellar pathway. (9)

A
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve
  • Vestibulocochlear nuclei
  • Vestibulocerebellar fibres
  • Granule cells of the flocculonodular lobe
  • Purkinje cells
  • Fastigial nucleus
  • Fastigial fibres
  • Reticular formation and vestibulocochlear nuclei
  • Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
109
Q

What is the origin of the vestibulospinal tract? (1)

A

Vestibulocochlear nuclei

110
Q

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract decussate? (1)

A

It doesn’t - it descends and innervates bilaterally

111
Q

Where does the medial vestibulospinal tract synapse? (1)

A

Cervical spinal cord

112
Q

Describe the laterality of the lateral vestibulospinal tract. (1)

A

Innervates ipsilaterally

113
Q

Where does the lateral vestibulospinal tract synapse? (1)

A

Along the length of the spinal cord.

114
Q

Which division of the vestibulospinal tract maintains balance and posture via extensor and antigravity muscles? (1)

A

Lateral

115
Q

Which division of the vestibulospinal tract maintains head and neck position? (1)

A

Medial

116
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate? (1)

A

Reticular formation of pons and medulla

117
Q

Describe the laterality of the reticulospinal tract. (1)

A

Mostly innervates ipsilaterally

118
Q

Where do the medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts synapse? (1)

A

Throughout the spinal cord

119
Q

What is the role of the reticulospinal tract? (1)

A

To assist the vestibulospinal tract in controlling extensor muscles.

120
Q

Give the input and output of the cerebrocerebellar pathway. (3)

A

INPUT
Cortex (via Pontine nuclei)

OUTPUT
Rubrospinal tract
Cortex

121
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellar pathway? (1)

A

Force, planning and timing of movement

122
Q

Describe the cerebrocerebellar pathway. (9)

A
  • Corticopontine fibres
  • Pontine nuclei
  • Pontocerebellar fibres
  • Granule cells of lateral hemisphere
  • Purkinje cells
  • Dentate nucleus
  • Dentatorubrothalamic fibres
  • Red nucleus and thalamus
  • Rubrospinal tract and thalamocortical fibres
123
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate? (1)

A

Red nucleus (midbrain)

124
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate? (1)

A

Midbrain (decussates quickly after origin)

125
Q

In which area of the brainstem/spinalcord does the rubrospinal tract descend? (1)

A

Laterally, alongside corticospinal tract

126
Q

Describe the laterality of the rubrospinal tract. (1)

A

Innervates contralaterally

127
Q

Describe the function of the rubrospinal tract and how it carries out its function. (2)

A
  • Assists corticospinal tract by adjusting flexor muscles (primarily of upper limbs)
  • Does this by receiving collaterals from the corticospinal tract
128
Q

Give the input and output of the spinocerebellar pathway. (2)

A

INPUT
spinocerebellar tracts

OUTPUT
rubrospinal tract
cortex

129
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellar tract? (1)

A

Coordination of limb movement and gait

130
Q

Describe the spinocerebellar Pathway. (9)

A
  • Sensory neurones
  • Dorsal horn
  • Spinocerebellar tracts (mossy fibres)
  • Granule cells of the vermis and intermediate zones
  • Purkinje cells
  • Interposed nuclei
  • Interpositionorubrothalamic fibres
  • Thalamus and red nucleus
  • Cortex and rubrospinal tract
131
Q

There are two divisions of the spinocerebellar tract (ventral and dorsal).

The ventral spinocerebellar tract communicates with the cerebellum via which peduncle? (1)

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

132
Q

There are two divisions of the spinocerebellar tract (ventral and dorsal).

The dorsal spinocerebellar tract communicates with the cerebellum via which peduncle? (1)

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

133
Q

Which of the three cerebellar pathways use mossy fibres?

A

Spinocerebellum

134
Q

The spinothalamic tract conveys information from which type/s of sensory fibres?

A

A delta and C

135
Q

Which sensory modalities does the DCML pathway convey? (3)

A
  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Proprioception
136
Q

Name the two fasciculi which together make up the dorsal columns. (1)

A
  • Fasciculus cuneatus
  • Fasciculus gracilis
137
Q

Are the neurones which make up the dorsal columns first, second, or third order neurones? (1)

A

First

138
Q

Describe the relative location of the fasciculus cuneatus. (1)

A

Lateral

139
Q

Does the fasciculus cuneatus carry signals from the upper or lower limbs? (1)

A

Upper

140
Q

Describe the relative location of the fasciculus gracilis. (1)

A

Medial

141
Q

Does the fasciculus gracilis carry signals from the upper or lower limbs? (1)

A

Lower

142
Q

Where do the first order neurones of the DCML pathway first synapse? (1)

A

Nucleus cuneatus or nucleus gracilis of the medulla.

143
Q

Where does the DCML pathway decussate? (1)

A

Medulla (just after synapsing)

144
Q

Where does the DCML pathway project to after synapsing in the medulla, and how does it get there? (2)

A

Projects to thalamus

via the medial lemnisci.

145
Q

Where does the DCML pathway end? (1)

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

146
Q

Name two mechanoreceptors which are located towards the surface of the skin. (2)

A

Merkel’s disks

Meissner’s corpuscles

147
Q

Name two mechanoreceptors which are located deep in the dermis. (2)

A

Pacinian corpuscles

Ruffini’s endings

148
Q

Which type of mechanoreceptor is responsible for detecting pain? (1)

A

Free nerve endings

149
Q

What sensory modality do Ruffini’s endings detect? (1)

A

Stretching of the skin

150
Q

What sensory modalities do Meissner’s corpuscles detect? (2)

A

Touch

Pressure

151
Q

What sensory modalities do Pacinian corpuscles detect? (2)

A

Deep pressure

Vibration

152
Q

Which sensory modalities do Merkel’s disks detect? (2)

A

Touch

Pressure

153
Q

Ruffini’s endings, Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and Meissner’s corpuscles all send information to the spinal cord via which type of sensory fibre? (1)

A

A beta

154
Q

Complete the sentence… (1)

Adaptation describes a mechanoreceptor’s response to ………………………

A

An ongoing stimulus

155
Q

Give two mechanoreceptors which have small receptive fields. (2)

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

Merkel’s disks

156
Q

Give two mechanoreceptors which have large receptive fields. (2)

A

Pacinian corpuscle

Ruffini’s ending

157
Q

Name two mechanoreceptors which are rapidly adapting. (2)

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

Pacinian corpuscle

158
Q

Name two mechanoreceptors which are slowly adapting. (2)

A

Merkel’s disk

Ruffini’s ending

159
Q

Describe the firing pattern of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors. (1)

A

Stop firing quickly after stimulus onset

160
Q

Describe the firing pattern of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors. (1)

A

Continue firing for a period after stimulus onset

161
Q

Give the three types of nociceptor and the sensory fibres that they are associated with. (6)

A

Thermal - A delta fibres

Mechanical - A delta fibres

Polymodal - C fibres

162
Q

What types of stimulus can activate polymodal nociceptors? (3)

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Chemical

163
Q

Nociceptors are activated by which type of ion channels? (1)

A

TRP (transient receptor potential) channels

164
Q

How do TRP channels lead to nociceptor activation? (1)

A

Influx of calcium

165
Q

Give four inputs to the brainstem which may trigger vomiting. (4)

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Vestibular system
  • Blood toxins
  • Stomach / GI system
166
Q

Give six areas of the brainstem which are involved in vomiting. (6)

A
  • Area postrema
  • Respiratory groups
  • Dorsal motor nuclei
  • Vomiting centre
  • Solitary nucleus
  • Salivatory nucleus

Neuroscience Y2S1 (16 decks)

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