Building Blocks of Language

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

the systematic organization of sounds

Question 2

phoneme

Answer 2

smallest unit of sound, can make one word different from another in meaning

Question 3

phonological development

Answer 3

acquiring the rules of language that govern the sound structure of syllables & words
-vowels develop before consonants (within 1st yr.)

Question 4

phonotactic rules

Answer 4

-specify legal orders of sounds in syllables & words
-places where specific phonemes can/cannot occur

Question 5

phonological knowledge

Answer 5

acquisition of internal representation of phonemes in a language

Question 6

phonological production/expression

Answer 6

using the knowledge to produce syllables & words

Question 7

phonological awareness

Answer 7

awareness a word is made up of phonemes

Question 8

morphology

Answer 8

rules that govern how morphemes (smallest meaningful units of lang.) are used

Question 9

morphemes

Answer 9

-bound: must be attached to other morphemes, don’t stand alone, affixes
-free: stand alone

Question 10

Mastery of morphemes

Answer 10

considered mastered when the child uses it in 90% or more of obvious context

Question 11

free morphemes

Answer 11

-derivational: added to root words & usually change meaning
-inflectional: don’t change meaning to word

Question 12

transference

Answer 12

where one language influences the other language

Question 13

language impairment

Answer 13

difficulty w/ grammatical morphology, have difficulties w/ verb tense

Question 14

syntactic development (syntax)

Answer 14

grammar refers to rules that speakers use to structure sentences

Question 15

MLU (syntax)

Answer 15

mean number of morphemes per utterance, can serve as a proxy for estimating syntactic complexity (use caution)

Question 16

declaratives (syntax)

Answer 16

making statements where subjects precede the verb and ends w/ a period

Question 17

negatives (syntax)

Answer 17

sentences express negation & rely on words such as no, not, can’t

Question 18

interrogatives (syntax)

Answer 18

involve questioning, yes, no questions

Question 19

phrase (syntax)

Answer 19

cluster of words organized around a head (noun, prepositional, adjectival, verb phrases)

Question 20

minimal pairs

Answer 20

words that differ by only one phoneme

Question 21

conjoined clause vs. embedded clause

Question 22

CDS

Answer 22

Child directed speech, Children’s linguistic experience through CDS contribute to language acquisition.

Question 23

spreading activation

Answer 23

Specific word entries spread across the semantic network via

Question 24

ASHA guidelines for intelligibility

Answer 24

calculated by dividing the child’s age in years by four and converting that number into a percentage: 2-year-old: 50% 3-year-old: 75% 4-year-old: 100% Thus a 4-year-old who is 50% intelligible is considered to be “delayed” by two years.

Question 25

pragmatic development

Answer 25

• conversational skills
  -turn-taking
  -greetings/ goodbyes
  -asking/responding to questions

Question 26

schema

Answer 26

script for conversation