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CELLULAR BASIS OF MEDICINE > BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS > Flashcards

BUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT % OF BODY DOES WATER MAKE UP?

A

60% (2/3 intra, 1/3 extra)

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2
Q

WHAT % OF BODY DO PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES MAKE UP?

A

18%

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3
Q

WHAT % OF THE HUMAN BODY DO LIPIDS TAKE UP?

A

15%

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4
Q

WHAT % OF THE BODY DO SACCHARRIDES TAKE UP?

A

1%

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5
Q

WHAT % OF THE BODY DO NUCLEIC ACIDS AND NUCLEOTIDES TAKE UP?

A

1%

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6
Q

WHAT % OF THE BODY DO OTHER MINERALS TAKE UP?

A

5%

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CELLS?

A

-60% water
-35% organic materials
-5% inorganic materials

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8
Q

HOW MANY CARBONS DO THE SIMPLEST MONOSACCHARIDES HAVE?

A

-3
EG: GLYCERALDEHYDE

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9
Q

HOW CAN MONOSACCHARIDES BE CLASSIFED?

A

-via functional groups of aldehydes (glyceraldehyde) and ketones (dihydroxyacetone)

KETOSE = ribulose, fructose (carbonyl at C2) (2 primary alcohols)

ALDOSE = ribose, glucose, mannose (C2 epimer of glucose), galactose (C4 epimer of glucose) (1 primary alcohol) (carbonyl group at beginning an 5 other OH groups) = very reactive with alcohol and amino groups

-via number of carbons (triose C3, tetrose C4, pentose C5, hexose C6, heptose C7)
PENTOSE = ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose
HEXOSE = glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

PRIMARY ALCOHOL GROUP = terminal alcohol - all the rest are secondary alcohols

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10
Q

HOW DOES THE ORDER OF PRIORITY IN CHIRAL MOLECULES DECREASE?

A

OH -> CHO -> CH2OH -> H

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11
Q

DO D-ISOMERS OCCUR NATURALLY?

A

-yes

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12
Q

WHAT IS AN EPIMER?

A

-isomers that differ by their -OH group orientation around a carbon
EG: - GALACTOSE AND GLUCOSE = isomers which differ by their OH group orientation around the 4th carbon
-mannose is a C2 epimer of glucose
-galactose is a C4 epimer of glucose
GLUCOSE AND MANNOSE = isomers which differ by their OH group orientation around the 2nd carbon
-mannose is a C2 epimer of glucose

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13
Q

ARE THERE MORE NATURAL KETOHEXOSES OR ALDOHEXOES?

A

1/2 as many natural keto-hexoses than there are aldo-hexoses

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14
Q

WHAT ARE CYLICAL STRUCTURES OF MONOSACCHARIDES?

A

-hemiacetal bond between the OH (C4 / C5) and carbonyl carbon
-follow Haworth formula
-α (OH group under the plane of circle) a β anomer (D-isomers OH group above the plane)– isomers that differ in the position of hemiacetals
EG: FURANOSE AND PYRANOSE

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15
Q

WHAT DOES GLUCOSE OCCUR AS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION?

A

-glucopyranose
- carbon with a double bond binds oxygen from the 5th carbon -> a stable cyclical structure is formed - two different anomers form in different ratios = glucose - α : β = 80 : 20

CYCLIC STURCTURES: ALCOHOLS TO THE RIGHT IN CHAIN POINT DOWN IN CYCLIC AND ALCOHOLS TO THE LEFT POINT POINT UP

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16
Q

WHAT IS A STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE?

A

-glycogen
- formed by the connection of α-1,4-glycosidic bond and branched α-1,6- glycosidic bond
-branching allows a faster breakdown of chains
-glucose storage

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17
Q

WHAT MAKES UP STARCH?

A

-linear amylose and branched amylopectin

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18
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A

-C3 = glyceraldehyde (aldotriose) and dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose) both important intermediates in human metabolism
-C5 = ribose, 2-deoxyribose (aldopentoses) are components of nucleotides
-C6 = glucose, galactose, mannose (alodhexoses), fructose (ketohexose) are components of oligo and poly saccharides

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19
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

A

-sucrose (glucose + fructose)
-lactose (galactose + glucose)
-maltose (X2 glucose)

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20
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES / GLYCANS

A

-starch (amylose + amylopectin) is a storage polysaccharide of plants (polymer of glucose - glucan)
-glycogen (branched polymer of glucose) is a storage polysaccharide of animal cells
-cellulose (water insoluble polymer of glucose) is a linear and structural polysaccharide of plants

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21
Q

WHAT ARE HETEROGLYCOSIDES?

A

-complex saccharides
EG: PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOPROTEINS, GLYCOLIPIDS

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22
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES?

A

-one aldose or ketose at C2 and 2 or more OH groups
-terminal hydroxy group is a primary alcohol - can be oxidized
-all other hydroxy groups are secondary alcohols
-aldehyde group can be either oxidized or reduced
-ketone group can be reduced
-all carbons of a sugar containing a secondary alcohols are chiral
-ketoses by one C^* less than aldoses
-number of Isomers can be calculated 2^* (n is the number of C)

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23
Q

WHAT IS MUTAROTATION?

A

-interconversion of the a and B anomeric forms of saccharides

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24
Q

WHAT ARE DERIVATIVES OF SACCHARIDES?

A

SUGAR ALCOHOLS - formed by reduction of the carbonyl group (glucose = glucitol = sorbitol)
ACIDS = aldaric acids (C1 and C6 oxidized = glucaric), aldonic acids (C1 oxidized = gluconic), alduronic acids (C6 oxidized = glucuronic)
DEOXYSACCHARIDES = reduction of secondary -OH group (2-deoxy-D-ribose)
AMINO SACCHARIDES = contain one amino group instead of -OH group (D-glucose amine) - often acetylated (ORGANIC ESTERIFICATION)
ESTERS = with H3PO4 or H2SO4
GLYCOSIDES = reaction with alcohols or amines - OGLYCOSIDIC - oligo and polysaccharides to proteins N-GLYCOSIDIC - in nucleic acids to proteins (enzymes glycosidases form these bonds)

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25
Q

WHAT ARE THE HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES?

A

-branched starch and glycogen
-unbranched cellulose and inuline

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26
Q

WHAT ARE THE HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES?

A

-branched glycoproteins
-unbranched proteoglycans

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27
Q

WHAT MAKES AN AMINOSUGAR / URONIC ACID ?

A

-proteoglycans + core protein + glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

28
Q

WHAT IS A NUCLEOTIDE?

A

-ester of phosphoric acid and a nucleoside
(phosphate + sugar + purine / pyrimidine base)

29
Q

WHAT IS A NUCLEOSIDE?

A

-N-containing base + monosaccharide
(purine / pyrimidine base + sugar)

30
Q

WHAT ARE PURINES?

A

-pyrimidine + imidazol ring
-contain adenine, guanine, hypoxanhine, xanthine

31
Q

WHAT ARE PYRIMIDINES?

A

-pyrimidine ring
-cytosine, uracil, thymine

32
Q

WHAT ARE NUCLEOTIDE BASES?

A

-aromatic heterocycles

33
Q

WHAT DO RIBONUCLEOTIDES CONTAIN?

A

-N-glycosidic bond, ester bond, anyhydride bond
-formed by reduction of NADPH

34
Q

WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF NUCLEOTIDES?

A

-strong absorption of Uv radiation (260nm)
-mainly -nucleosidedi and triphosphates
-purines less stable under acidic conditions
-polar terminal phosphate groups
-ribonucleotides concentration of a sum of them is constant but their ratio changes
-deoxyribonucleotides concentration depends on cell cycle

35
Q

WHAT ARE RACEMASES?

A

-enzymes which are able to interconvert between D and L isomers

36
Q

ARE SACCHARIDES WATER SOLUBLE?

A

-yes low molecular saccharides are water soluble and sweet tasting

37
Q

HOW MANY UNITS DO OLIGOSACCHARIDES CONTAIN?

A

-2 to 10 units

38
Q

WHAT IS 2^n?

A

n = number of carbons
formula gives the number of isomers

39
Q

ARE LIPIDS WATER SOLUBLE?

A

no lipids are not water soluble

40
Q

WHAT ARE LIPIDS SYNTHESIZED FROM IN THE BODY?

A

acetyl-co enzyme A

41
Q

WHAT BONDS TO LIPIDS FORM?

A

hydrolysable lipids have an ester or glycosidic bond

42
Q

WHAT DO LIPIDS CONSIST OF?

A

fatty acids and alcohol

43
Q

WHAT ARE HYDROLYZABLE LIPIDS?

A

simple fats, solids, liquids, waxes and compound phospholipids, lipoproteins and glycolipids

44
Q

WHAT LIPIDS ARE NON-HYDROLYZABLE?

A

-alcohols (long chain alkanols, sterols, steroids)
-acids (fatty acids, eicosanoids)
-hydrocarbons (long chains, carotenoids)

45
Q

WHAT ARE SATURATED FATTY ACIDS?

A

-palmitic and stearic fatty acid

46
Q

WHAT ARE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS?

A

-double bonds in cis configuration; oleic acid

47
Q

WHAT ARE POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS?

A

-have more than one double bond; linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid

48
Q

WHAT IS TRIACYLGLYCEROL / TAG?

A

-3 fatty acids with ester bonds and glycerol
-hydrolysable
-hydrophobic
-stored in cells as lipid droplets
-function as a source of carbons, energy and heat

49
Q

WHAT ARE PHOSPHOLIPIDS?

A

-2 fatty acid tail and a polar phosphate head connected to each other by glycerol
-more polar than glycerol due to phosphate group consisting of 4 oxygen bonds

50
Q

WHAT CAN FATTY ACIDS FORM ESTERS WITH?

A

-cholesterol

51
Q

IS DIHYDROXYACETONE CONSIDERED TO BE A SACCHARIDE?

A

-yes but it has no chiral carbon and does not occur naturally in nature

52
Q

HOW MANY CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUPS DO FATTY ACUDS HAVE?

A

-only 1

53
Q

WHAT ARE 4 EXAMPLES OF ALCHOLS IN LIPIDS?

A

1: cholesterol
2: glycerol
3: inositol
4: sfingosin

54
Q

NAME THESE FATTY ACIDS ACCORDING TO THEIR NUMBER OF CARBONS.

A

C12 = lauric
C14 = myristic
C16 = palmitic
C18 = stearic
C18:1;9 = oleic
C18:2;9,12 = linoleic (ESSENTIAL)
C18:3;9,12,15 = linolenic (ESSENTIAL)
C20 = arachidic
C20:4;5,8,11,14 = arachidonic (ESSENTIAL)

55
Q

WHAT IS THE BASIC SKELETON OF STEROIDS FORMED BY?

A

-tetracyclic hydrocarbon - STERANE

56
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CHOLESTEROL?

A

-precursor for all steroids and bile acids
-part of biological membrane

57
Q

WHAT IS TRYPTOPHAN A DERIVATIVE OF?

A

-indole

58
Q

IN WHAT DIRECTION DOES CHAIN SYNTHESIS OF NUCELOTIDES OCCUR?

A

-synthesis of new chain always occurs in the
5‘ -> 3‘ direction (attaching at 3)
(phosphate - OH direction)

59
Q

WHAT IS AN ANOMER?

A

Anomers are cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in the configuration of C-1 if they are aldoses or in the configuration at C-2 if they are ketoses

60
Q

STRUCTURES OF D-GLUCOSE AND D-FRUCTOSE

A
61
Q

STRUCTURES OF GLUCOSE

A
62
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE ANOMERS OF GLUCOSE

A
63
Q

STRUCTURES OF GLUCOSE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

A
64
Q

STRUCTURES OF THE EPIMERS OF GLUCOSE

A
65
Q

STRUCTURES OF IMPORTANT KETOSE MONOSACCHARIDES

A
66
Q

STRUCTURES OF IMPORTANT ALDOSE MONOSACCHARIDES

A
67
Q

STRUCTURE OF ATP

A

CELLULAR BASIS OF MEDICINE (32 decks)

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