buffers, pH and gen macromolecules

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

concentration of hydrogen ions (H3O+) in a solution

Question 2

pH is calculated using…

Answer 2

-log[10^x], where 10^x is the concentration of hydrogen ions within a solution (so pH is x)

Question 3

higher concentration of pH =

Answer 3

more basic

Question 4

lower concentration of pH =

Answer 4

more acidic

Question 5

Acidic =

Answer 5

pH lower than 7

Question 6

Basic =

Answer 6

pH higher than 7

Question 7

Neutral =

Answer 7

pH = 7

Question 8

Arrhenius acid

Answer 8

any species that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H3O+)

Question 9

Arrhenius base

Answer 9

any species that increases teh concentration of hydroxide (OH-)

Question 10

Buffers

Answer 10

solution that resists pH change upon addition of acidic base or basic component;

Question 11

Buffers absorb…

Answer 11

excess H+ and -OH

Question 12

A buffer solution contains…

Answer 12

contains an equal amount of weak acid and its conjugate weak base

Question 13

Neutraliation reaction is expressed through…

Answer 13

an ionic equation

Question 14

Proteins can denature through…

Answer 14

too much or too little amounts of acid

Question 15

Denaturation

Answer 15

lose of function in proteins

Question 16

Organic molecules

Answer 16

molecules containing carbon

Question 17

Monomers

Answer 17

atoms that bond together to form more complex structures

Question 18

The 4 main types of monomers are…

Answer 18

(simple) sugars, animo acids (peptides), fatty acids (ester bonds) and nucleotides

Question 19

Polymers

Answer 19

a subtance containing a multitude of monomers or very large molecules

Question 20

Polymers make up…

Answer 20

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 21

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 21

proteins are built together to form more complex proteins through the removal of water

Question 22

Hydrolysis

Answer 22

proteins are broken into simplier pieces through the addition of water

Question 23

The process of hydrolysis is…

Answer 23

catabolic

Question 24

The process of dehydration synthesis is…

Answer 24

anabolic

Question 25

Carbohydrates

Answer 25

sources of energy for organisms, hydrophlic/polar and short-term storages

Question 26

Ratio of carbohydrates compounds

Answer 26

carbon:hydrogen:oxygen = 1:2:1

Question 27

Monosaccharide

Answer 27

building blocks of carbohydrates

Question 28

Glucose

Answer 28

hydrophilic; one CH2OH, four OH and one O

Question 29

Fructose

Answer 29

two CH2OH, two OH, one HO and one O

Question 30

Hexose sugar has...

Answer 30

6 carbons

Question 31

Pentose sugar has...

Answer 31

5 carbons

Question 32

Disaccharide

Answer 32

2 monosaccharides bonded by dehydration synthesis

Question 33

Sucrose =

Answer 33

glucose + fructose

Question 34

Lactose =

Answer 34

glucose + galactose

Question 35

Maltose =

Answer 35

glucose + glucose

Question 36

___ is removed during dehydration synthesis

Answer 36

a water molecules, H2O (2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen; ex. C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11)

Question 37

Polysaccharide

Answer 37

several monosaccharides bonded together

Question 38

Starch

Answer 38

energy storage in plants

Question 39

Glycogen

Answer 39

energy storage in animals

Question 40

Cellulose

Answer 40

cell wall, gives structure to plants, cannot digest

Question 41

Chitin

Answer 41

forms exoskeletons

Question 42

Peptidoglycan

Answer 42

bacteria cell wall; contributes to cell wall, does not form it

Question 43

Lipids

Answer 43

energy source for organisms, long term energy storage, hydrophobic/amphiphilic

Question 44

The majority of atoms in lipids are made out of...

Answer 44

hydrocarbon chains, which are hydrophobic

Question 45

The 3 types of lipids are...

Answer 45

triacylglycerol/triglyceride (fat), steroids and phospholids

Question 46

Triglyceride =

Answer 46

glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 47

Fats are

Answer 47

important energy source; store long-term energy because of the carbon bonds in their fatty acid molecules

Question 48

Triglycerides (fats) are formed by...

Answer 48

ester linkages and 3 added H2O molecules

Question 49

Saturated fat have...

Answer 49

no double bonds in carbon chains

Question 50

Saturated fats are saturated with __; are found in __; __ lay flat: __ double bonds in carbon chains and are __

Answer 50

hydrogen; animals; can; do not have; man made

Question 51

Unsaturated fats have __ double bonds in carbon chains which causes __; found in __; __ at room temp and __ lay flat due to __

Answer 51

at least one; kinks; plants; liquid and do not lay flat due to kinks

Question 52

Polyunsaturated fats are the same as unsaturated fats except...

Answer 52

they have to have multiple double bonds in carbon chains

Question 53

__ fats are healthier

Answer 53

unsaturated because saturated causes plaque; also realeases more energy due to double bonds

Question 54

Trans vs Cis fats:

Answer 54

trans fats cannot be totally broken down, are man made and stack easily; trans fat has that one hydrogen (yk which one) above, while cis is below

Question 55

Steroids

Answer 55

four fused rings that have attached chemical groups

Question 56

Steroids are the __ for __

Answer 56

backbone for hormones

Question 57

Cholesterol

Answer 57

source of steroid, hormones/constituents of membranes

Question 58

Vitamin D2

Answer 58

produced on the skin by an action of light on a cholesterol derivative

Question 59

Cortisol

Answer 59

hormone secreted by adrenal gland

Question 60

Testosterone

Answer 60

male sex hormone