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honors bio > buffers, pH and gen macromolecules > Flashcards

buffers, pH and gen macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

pH

A

concentration of hydrogen ions (H3O+) in a solution

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2
Q

pH is calculated using…

A

-log[10^x], where 10^x is the concentration of hydrogen ions within a solution (so pH is x)

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3
Q

higher concentration of pH =

A

more basic

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4
Q

lower concentration of pH =

A

more acidic

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5
Q

Acidic =

A

pH lower than 7

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6
Q

Basic =

A

pH higher than 7

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7
Q

Neutral =

A

pH = 7

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8
Q

Arrhenius acid

A

any species that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H3O+)

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9
Q

Arrhenius base

A

any species that increases teh concentration of hydroxide (OH-)

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10
Q

Buffers

A

solution that resists pH change upon addition of acidic base or basic component;

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11
Q

Buffers absorb…

A

excess H+ and -OH

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12
Q

A buffer solution contains…

A

contains an equal amount of weak acid and its conjugate weak base

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13
Q

Neutraliation reaction is expressed through…

A

an ionic equation

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14
Q

Proteins can denature through…

A

too much or too little amounts of acid

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15
Q

Denaturation

A

lose of function in proteins

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16
Q

Organic molecules

A

molecules containing carbon

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17
Q

Monomers

A

atoms that bond together to form more complex structures

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18
Q

The 4 main types of monomers are…

A

(simple) sugars, animo acids (peptides), fatty acids (ester bonds) and nucleotides

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19
Q

Polymers

A

a subtance containing a multitude of monomers or very large molecules

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20
Q

Polymers make up…

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

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21
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

proteins are built together to form more complex proteins through the removal of water

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22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

proteins are broken into simplier pieces through the addition of water

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23
Q

The process of hydrolysis is…

A

catabolic

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24
Q

The process of dehydration synthesis is…

A

anabolic

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25
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sources of energy for organisms, hydrophlic/polar and short-term storages

26
Q

Ratio of carbohydrates compounds

A

carbon:hydrogen:oxygen = 1:2:1

27
Q

Monosaccharide

A

building blocks of carbohydrates

28
Q

Glucose

A

hydrophilic; one CH2OH, four OH and one O

29
Q

Fructose

A

two CH2OH, two OH, one HO and one O

30
Q

Hexose sugar has…

A

6 carbons

31
Q

Pentose sugar has…

A

5 carbons

32
Q

Disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides bonded by dehydration synthesis

33
Q

Sucrose =

A

glucose + fructose

34
Q

Lactose =

A

glucose + galactose

35
Q

Maltose =

A

glucose + glucose

36
Q

___ is removed during dehydration synthesis

A

a water molecules, H2O (2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen; ex. C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11)

37
Q

Polysaccharide

A

several monosaccharides bonded together

38
Q

Starch

A

energy storage in plants

39
Q

Glycogen

A

energy storage in animals

40
Q

Cellulose

A

cell wall, gives structure to plants, cannot digest

41
Q

Chitin

A

forms exoskeletons

42
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

bacteria cell wall; contributes to cell wall, does not form it

43
Q

Lipids

A

energy source for organisms, long term energy storage, hydrophobic/amphiphilic

44
Q

The majority of atoms in lipids are made out of…

A

hydrocarbon chains, which are hydrophobic

45
Q

The 3 types of lipids are…

A

triacylglycerol/triglyceride (fat), steroids and phospholids

46
Q

Triglyceride =

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules

47
Q

Fats are

A

important energy source; store long-term energy because of the carbon bonds in their fatty acid molecules

48
Q

Triglycerides (fats) are formed by…

A

ester linkages and 3 added H2O molecules

49
Q

Saturated fat have…

A

no double bonds in carbon chains

50
Q

Saturated fats are saturated with __; are found in __; __ lay flat: __ double bonds in carbon chains and are __

A

hydrogen; animals; can; do not have; man made

51
Q

Unsaturated fats have __ double bonds in carbon chains which causes __; found in __; __ at room temp and __ lay flat due to __

A

at least one; kinks; plants; liquid and do not lay flat due to kinks

52
Q

Polyunsaturated fats are the same as unsaturated fats except…

A

they have to have multiple double bonds in carbon chains

53
Q

__ fats are healthier

A

unsaturated because saturated causes plaque; also realeases more energy due to double bonds

54
Q

Trans vs Cis fats:

A

trans fats cannot be totally broken down, are man made and stack easily; trans fat has that one hydrogen (yk which one) above, while cis is below

55
Q

Steroids

A

four fused rings that have attached chemical groups

56
Q

Steroids are the __ for __

A

backbone for hormones

57
Q

Cholesterol

A

source of steroid, hormones/constituents of membranes

58
Q

Vitamin D2

A

produced on the skin by an action of light on a cholesterol derivative

59
Q

Cortisol

A

hormone secreted by adrenal gland

60
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone

honors bio (4 decks)

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