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The Normal Function Of The Gastrointestinal System > Buccal Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Buccal Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the buccal cavity located?

A

The areas at the sides of the mouth next to the gums.

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2
Q

In humans, what separates the buccal and nasal cavities?

A

The palate.

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3
Q

What type of mucosal tissue do gums have, thick or thin?

A

Thin.

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4
Q

Gums have a rich blood supply, true or false?

A

True.

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5
Q

Are keratinised areas more or less permeable?

A

Less permeable.

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6
Q

Are non-keratinised areas polar or non-polar?

A

Polar.

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7
Q

What type of tissue do gums have?

A

Gingival.

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8
Q

What type of tissue does the roof of the mouth have?

A

Palatal.

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9
Q

What type of tissue does the cheek, upper and lower lip have?

A

Buccal.

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10
Q

What is the floor of the mouth known as?

A

The frenulum.

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11
Q

What type of tissue does the floor of the mouth have?

A

Sublingual.

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12
Q

Is sublingual drug delivery fast or slow?

A

Fast.

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13
Q

Is buccal drug delivery slow or fast?

A

Slow, better suited to controlled release.

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14
Q

Give an example of topical drug delivery in the mouth.

A

Lozenges.

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15
Q

If the drug concentration gets too high in the body, what effect does this have?

A

Toxic effects.

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16
Q

What is the onset time of a drug?

A

The time it takes for the drug to work.

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17
Q

What happens at the maximum therapeutic concentration?

A

The drug produces unwanted side effects.

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18
Q

Once a drug is swallowed, where does it go?

A

The small intestine.

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19
Q

What type of environment does the stomach have, acidic or alkaline?

A

Acidic.

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20
Q

Does the oral route or buccal route work faster?

A

Oral route.

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21
Q

What is IV drug delivery?

A

Intravenous - injecting drug into the muscle.

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22
Q

What can the pharmacokinetic profile be dictated by?

A

The site of action of the drug and the formulation of drug selected.

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23
Q

Why is sublingual delivery likely to have a faster onset of action?

A

Because sublingual administration is closer to the bloodstream.

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24
Q

What is the first-pass effect?

A

A pharmacological phenomenon in which a medication undergoes metabolism at a specific location in the body.

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25
Q

If a drug undergoes first-pass metabolism, what is the consequence of this?

A

The drug’s concentration is decreased once it reaches systemic circulation or its site of action.

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26
Q

Where does the intestine blood supply run via?

A

The liver.

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27
Q

Do drugs administered via the buccal cavity go via the liver?

A

No, meaning we get an increase in exposure.

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28
Q

Drugs administered via the buccal cavity enter the blood brain barrier, true or false?

A

False.

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29
Q

Why aren’t more drugs given via the buccal route?

A

Because it’s not always easy or practical and could cause irritation in the mouth.

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30
Q

Give examples of solid buccal formulation dosage forms.

A
  • Buccal tablets.
  • Bioadhesive micro/nanoparticles.
  • Bioadhesive wafers.
  • Lozenges.
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31
Q

Give examples of semi-solid buccal formulation dosage forms.

A
  • Medicated chewing gum.
  • Buccal patches/films.
  • Adhesive gels/ointments.
32
Q

Give examples of liquid buccal formulation dosage forms.

A
  • Mouthwash.
  • Mouth fresheners.
  • Mouth spray.
33
Q

What is the therapeutic class of miconazole and what is its dosage form?

A

Antifungal and tablet.

34
Q

What is the therapeutic class of prochlorperazine maleate and what is its dosage form?

A

Antipsychotic and tablet.

35
Q

What is the therapeutic class of buprenorphine hydrochloride and what is its dosage form?

A

Opioid analgesic and tablet.

36
Q

What is the therapeutic class of glyceryl trinitrate and what is its dosage form?

A

Vasodilator and tablet.

37
Q

What is the therapeutic class of zolpidem and what is its dosage form?

A

Sedative and hypnotics and spray.

38
Q

What is the therapeutic class of cetalkonium chloride and choline salicylate and what is its dosage form?

A

Antiulcer and gel.

39
Q

What is the therapeutic class of chlorhexidine digluconate and what is its dosage form?

A

Antimicrobial and gel.

40
Q

What is the therapeutic class of fentanyl citrate and what is its dosage form?

A

Opioid analgesic and lozenge.

41
Q

What is the therapeutic class of hydrocortisone sodium succinate and what is its dosage form?

A

Corticosteroid and pellets.

42
Q

What is the therapeutic class of lidocaine and what is its dosage form?

A

Analgesic and patch.

43
Q

What is the therapeutic class of carvedilol and what is its dosage form?

A

Antihypertensive and patch.

44
Q

What is the active ingredient in GTN spray and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - glyceryl trinitrate.
Other ingredients - peppermint oil, ethanol, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (the propellant).

45
Q

What is GTN spray used to treat?

A

Angina attacks.

46
Q

What is the dose instructions for GTN tablets?

A

Place one tablet under the tongue ASAP. If still in pain after 5 mins, place another tablet under the tongue.

47
Q

What is the dose instructions for GTN spray?

A

Use 1-2 sprays under the tongue. If still in pain after 5 mins, administer another dose of 1-2 sprays under the tongue.

48
Q

What is the active ingredient in hydrocortisone buccal tablets and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - hydrocortisone.
Other ingredients - lactose, acacia, magnesium stearate.

49
Q

What are hydrocortisone buccal tablets used for?

A

To relieve the soreness of mouth ulcers and speed up healing.

50
Q

How do hydrocortisone buccal tablets work?

A

They stick gently to the inside of the mouth and release hydrocortisone as they dissolve.

51
Q

What is the active ingredient in desmopressin acetate and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - desmopressin (as acetate).
Other ingredients - gelatine, mannitol, citric acid.

52
Q

What are desmopressin acetate tablets used to treat?

A

Bed-wetting.

53
Q

How do desmopressin acetate tablets work?

A

They are placed under the tongue and allowed to melt until dissolved.

54
Q

What is the active ingredient in Nicolette 2mg chewing gum and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - 2mg nicotine.
Other ingredients - chewing gum base (butylated hydroxy toluene (E321), an antioxidant), sorbitol, sodium carbonate, flavourings (contains ethanol), polacrilin, glycerol, talc, sodium bicarbonate.

55
Q

What is the active ingredient in Nicolette 4mg chewing gum and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - 4mg nicotine.
Other ingredients - chewing gum base (butylated hydroxy toluene (E321), an antioxidant), sorbitol, sodium carbonate, flavourings (contains ethanol), polacrilin, glycerol, talc, quinoline yellow (E104) - has a yellow colour.

56
Q

Does Nicorette chewing gum contain sugar or animal products?

A

No.

57
Q

How should patients chew Nicorette chewing gum?

A

It should be chewed slowly until the taste becomes strong, then it should be rested between the gum and cheek. It should be chewed again when the taste has faded. This should be done for about 30 mins.

58
Q

What happens if Nicorette chewing gum is chewed continuously?

A

Nicotine is released too quickly and is swallowed, which may irritate the throat, upset the stomach or result in hiccups.

59
Q

What is Nicorette chewing gum used for?

A

To control withdrawal symptoms from nicotine.

60
Q

What is the active ingredient in the DentiPatch and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - lidocaine.
Other ingredients - karaya gum, glycerin, dipropylene glycol, lecithin, propylene glycol, aspartame, spearmint flavour, polyester film laminate, polyester-rayon fabric.

61
Q

What is the DentiPatch used for and how quickly does it work?

A

To provide topical anaesthesia and anaesthesia usually occurs within 2.5 mins of application, is present for 15 mins and persists for approximately 30 mins following removal.

62
Q

What is the active ingredient in Bonjela and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredients - choline salicylate and cetalkonium chloride.
Other ingredients - ethanol, star anise flavour.

63
Q

How is choline salicylate solution prepared?

A

Choline bicarbonate solution and salicylate acid.

64
Q

What are the dose instructions for Bonjela?

A

A clean finger should be used to massage approximately half an inch of gel onto the sore area, not more than once every 3 hours.

65
Q

Does Bonjela have local or systemic effects?

A

Local.

66
Q

What is the active ingredient in Buccastem and what are the other ingredients?

A

Active ingredient - prochlorperazine maleate.
Other ingredients - compressible sugar, povidone K30, xanthum gum, locust bean gum, talc, magnesium stearate, riboflavin sodium phosphate.

67
Q

What is Buccastem used to treat?

A

Nausea and vomiting associated with migraines.

68
Q

What are the dose instructions for Buccastem?

A

The tablet should be placed high up along the top gum, under the upper lip, either side of the mouth. It shouldn’t be swallowed whole or chewed and it will soften and adhere to the gum. It should be allowed to dissolve slowly and completely which may take around 1-2 hrs. It shouldn’t be moved around with the tongue as this will cause it to dissolve too quickly.

69
Q

How are the formulations ‘glued’ in place?

A

The ‘glue’ is typically a polymer which adheres to a biological surface (bioadhesion) or to a mucosal surface (mucoadhesion).

70
Q

How does the ‘glue’ work?

A

The ‘glue’ becomes tangled in the glycoprotein surface of the cells and bonds with glycoproteins.

71
Q

How does adsorption work in terms of the ‘glue’?

A

Chemical proprieties such as:
- Electrostatic (chitosan (+ve) and mucin (-ve).
- Hydrophobic.
- Hydrogen bonding.
- van der Waals interactions.

72
Q

Anionic polymers are generally better than cationic or uncharged polymers, true or false?

A

True.

73
Q

What does local drug delivery mean?

A

The drug only affects the area the drug is administered to.

74
Q

What does systemic drug delivery mean?

A

The drug is administered via the bloodstream and affects all the cells in the body.

75
Q

What are the advantages of buccal drug delivery?

A
  • Avoids first-pass metabolism.
  • Convenient route and painless administration.
  • Facility to modulate the selection of excipients.
  • Versatility in the design of release systems for local or systemic action.
  • A predictable drug concentration in the blood.
  • Good patient compliance.
  • Buccal tablets stay in place when eating and drinking.
76
Q

What are the disadvantages of buccal drug delivery?

A
  • Need for taste-masking - but risk of caries.
  • Eating, drinking and smoking can affect how the drug is absorbed and how well it works.
  • Hazard of choking by involuntarily swallowing the tablet.
  • Potential irritation of the gums.

The Normal Function Of The Gastrointestinal System (3 decks)

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