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1st Semester > BST > Flashcards

BST Flashcards

1
Q

NUCLEAR LAMINA

A

Network of 10nm protein fibres mainting the structure of the nucleus providing attachment site for chromatin. Supports interior of nuclear envelope.

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2
Q

CYTOSOL

A

Cytoplasm with the organelles removed. Mainly consists of water and dissolved substances eg amino acids, ions etc.

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3
Q

MICROFILAMENT

A

Linear polymers of actin allowing cell to move around. 7nm and make up cytoskeleton

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4
Q

MICROTUBULES

A

Move things up and down cell. Made of linear polymers of tubulin also make cilia and flagella. 25nm in cytoskeleton

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5
Q

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT

A

Component of cytoskeleton 10nm to withstand mechanical stress. Most insoluble part of cell.

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6
Q

PINOCYTOSIS

A

Endocyttosis where soluble material are taken up into vesicles.

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7
Q

CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION.

A

Secretion of materials from the cell without a signal such as hormone. Created unregulated membrane fusion and exocytosis.

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8
Q

GAP JUNCTIONS

A

Junctions between cells permitting free passage between cells of small ions and molecules. Allows signal transduction with intracellular environment.
Made of 6 proteins to form connexon channel.

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9
Q

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

A

Stops bits falling between cells eg in intestine. Blends 2 membranes of cells together in cell junction.

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10
Q

4 TYPES OF TISSUE

A
  • Epithelium
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
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11
Q

TYPES OF EPITHELIUM

A
  • Simple
  • Stratified
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional
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12
Q

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM CELL

A

Top cells look like domes and when relaxed stretch out flat eg bladder cells

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13
Q

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

A

Not cells! Mix of parenchyma and support tissue (stroma and connective tisssue) used as adhesion and barrier for growing cells

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14
Q

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

A

Genetic disease damaging basement membrane so epithelia of skin can be pulled off (documentary!)

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15
Q

HEMIDESMOSOMES

A

Found in keratinocytes in epidermis of skin. Form adhesion complex on basement membrane.

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16
Q

DESOMOSOMES (ZONULA ADHERONS)

A

Attaching cells to each other and sticking them to cytoskeleton.

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17
Q

EXOCRINE GLAND

A

Produce secretions from top of cell into duct

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18
Q

ENDOCRINE GLAND

A

Produce secretion from bottom of cell into blood

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19
Q

ACINAR GLAND

A

Glass shaped gland can be simple or compound (branched)

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20
Q

EMBRYONIC MESODERM

A

Connective tissue originates from here

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21
Q

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

A

Collagen and elastin and ground substance made into ECM. Makes up 95% of connective tissue

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22
Q

COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS

A

Procollagen found in cell synthesised on ribosomes of RER and modified before secreted into extracellular space where outside cell ends are cleaved off allowing banded structure with covalent bonds.

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23
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Chondrocyte
  • Osteoblasts
  • Myofibroblast
  • Adipocyte
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24
Q

FIBROBLAST

A

Type of Connective tissue secreting ECM for most tissues. Made of collagen and elastin.

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25
Q

CHONDROCYTE

A

Type of connective tissue secreting ECM for cartilage

Cartilage: collagen II + H20

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26
Q

OSTEOBLASTS

A

Type of connective tissue secreting ECM for bone.

Bone: Collagen I + Ca2+

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27
Q

MYOFIBROBLAST

A

Secrete ECM and contracts like muscle cell.

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28
Q

ADIPOCYTE

A

Storage and metabolism of fat. Form of Connective tissue

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29
Q

PARENCHYMA

A

Functional cells

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30
Q

STROMA

A

Support cells inn tissues and organs such as CT

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31
Q

STROMA

A

Support cells in tissues and organs such. As CT blood vessels nerve. Support Parenchyma

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32
Q

DERMIS

A

Dense irregular CT in skin structure. Made of fibroblasts, collagen I, Elastin, blood nerves

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33
Q

REGENERATION

A

Capacity of stem cells to divide and replace the specialised cells

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34
Q

LABILE REGENERATION

A

Replicates through lifetime eg skin and GI epithelium

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35
Q

STABLE REGENERATION

A

Non- dividing in normal circumstances but capable of regeneration eg liver and kidneys

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36
Q

PERMANENT REGENERATION

A

Non dividing cells eg cardiac, nerves, skeletal

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37
Q

3 TYPES OF MUSCLE

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
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38
Q

FASCIA

A

Form of connective tissue surrounding muscle and organs protecting blood vessels and nerves

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39
Q

4 TYPES OF JOINTS

A

-Hinge (fingers and knees)
-Ball and socket (hip and shoulder)
-Pivot (arm)
Ellipsoid (wrist and neck)

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40
Q

GLYCOSURIA PRACTICAL

A

Blue clinix strip= high glucose conc.
Pink clinix strip= negative- too little glucose for obsv.
Glucose oxidase in test strip testing for blood sugars in urine. Hydrogen perxoidase enzymes catalyse reaction to generate colour.

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41
Q

BACTERIAL PLASMID

A

Circular pieces of DNA allowing bacterium to survive in special environmental conditions. Can share plasmids between bacteria (conjugation).

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42
Q

SUPERCOILED PLASMID

A

Form of plasmid found in electrophoresis practical. Moves further up due to compact size

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43
Q

NICKED-CIRCLE PLASMID

A

Found in electrophoresis practical. Break in covalent bond leads to hole in plasmid. Same size as supercoiled but will not. Move as fast/far due to coiling error

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44
Q

MULTIMER PLASMID

A

Plasmid found in electrophoresis practical. Found when bacteria replicate fast and ended up linking together. Twice as large as single so will move slowly

45
Q

DNA BASE PAIRING

A
  • A&T: 2 bonds forming the purines.

- G&C: 3 bonds forming pyramidines.

46
Q

GENE

A

Basic physical and functional unit of heredity consisting of specific sequence of nucleotides at given position on given chromosome coding for specific protein.

47
Q

NUCLEOSOME

A

DNA wrapped around core his tones.

48
Q

HUMAN GENOME SIZE

A

3200Mbp and 25000 genes

49
Q

EXONUCLEASE

A

Restriction enzymes cut at the end of DNA molecule

50
Q

ENDONUCLEASE

A

Restriction enzyme cuts within DNA molecule

51
Q

TYPE 1 RESTRICTION ENZYME

A

Not v. Common.

Recognise specific sequences but track DNA before cutting and releasing nucleotides.

52
Q

TYPE 2 RESTRICTION ENZYME

A

V.common

Recognise target sequence in DNA and break DNA close to/within recognition site.

53
Q

TYPE 3 RESTRICTION ENZYME

A

Industry enzymes.

Break both DNA strands at defined distance from recognition site.

54
Q

RECOMBINANT DNA

A

Creation of new combinations of DNA segments. Used in GM crops and cross breeding

55
Q

VECTOR

A

Mechanism of transferring agent (DNA) in recombinant DNA technique.

56
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

A

Transfer of DNA information to mRNA

57
Q

SENSE STRAND

A

Coding strand in DNA transcription. Initiated at promoter region and completed at the terminator sequence.

58
Q

TEMPLATE/ ANTI-SENSE STRAND

A

Complimentary RNA strand in transcription. Complimentary to the coding strand.

59
Q

EXON

A

Coding region of gene. Found in nucleus gene.

60
Q

INTRON

A

Noncoding region of gene.

61
Q

SnRNP

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Combine with unmodified pre-mRNA to form splisosomes. They remove intron derived RNA and splice exon- derived RNA into mRNA

62
Q

KILODALTON

A

Unit of mass equal to 1,000 atomic mass unit (kDA)

10 amino acid= 1kDa

63
Q

PHOSPHORYLATION

A

Adding inorganic phosphate to a molecule. Hydroxyl groups are susceptible to phosphorylation. This can activate a molecule.

64
Q

PH NEEDED FOR AMINO ACIDS

A

7.4

65
Q

BUFFER

A

A solution which resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Made from either weak acid plus salt derived from weak acid or weak base plus salt of weak base.

66
Q

INTRACELLULAR BUFFER SYSTEMS

A

Phosphate buffer system.

Hb buffer system

67
Q

EXTRACELLULAR BUFFER SYSTEM

A

Carbonic Acid bicarbonate buffer system.

Plasma protein buffer system.

68
Q

HENDERSON-HASSELBACH EQUATION

A

PH= (pKa + log (A))/ HA

69
Q

WAVELENGTH

A

Distance between 2 crests or troughs of a wave.

70
Q

SPECTROMETRY

A

Method used to estimate the level of an analyse in solution. Relies on the principle that materials absorb light of a certain wavelength as it passes through solution.

71
Q

ANALYTE

A

Substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured.

72
Q

BEER-LAMBERT LAW

A

The amount of light of a particular wavelength absorbed by a substance across the constant distance is proportional to the concentration of such substance.

73
Q

THERAPEUTIC, MODERATE AND SEVERE OVERDOSE LEVELS OF ASPIRIN.

A

Therapeutic: <300mg/L
Moderate: 500-700mg/L
Severe: >750mg/L

74
Q

ASPIRIN EXPERIMENT

A

Blood plasma levels measured by spectroscopy.

Reaction of ferric irons with acetylsalicylate to form red-violet complex has maximum absorbance of 528nm.

75
Q

TRNA

A

Transfers aa to mRNA via anti-codon.

76
Q

JUXTACRINE

A

Cell signalling between adjacent cells.

77
Q

PARACRINE

A

Cell signalling in vicinity of cells (neighbouring)

78
Q

AUTOCRINE

A

Cell signalling to the cell that has produced the substance. Signally the own cell eg. Extensive growth in cancer cells.

79
Q

LIGAND

A

Molecule that binds to receptor. This may induce conformational change in receptor triggering activation and subsequent cellular event.

80
Q

RECEPTOR

A

Molecule on the surface/ within a cell that recognises and binds to specific ligand.

81
Q

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

A

The means by which a cell converts a signal from one form to another.

82
Q

SECOND MESSENGER

A

Transducers signal to an intracellular event activiating the cell in cell signalling. In relay with signal transduction.

83
Q

KINASE CASCADE

A

Transfer of phosphate involving one kinase activating next kinase in sequence of cell signalling. Takes place within MAPK sequence.

84
Q

MAP KINASE

A

Cell signalling sequence in which MAPKKK becomes phosphoryated activating the kinase of MAPKK etc to MAPK which is capable of migrating to nucleus and activating cellular events.

85
Q

EPIGENETIC CHANGES

A

Non true genetic changes. No changes to DNA but changes in physical marks/imprints eg adding methyl group. Can be transgenerational & affected by environment.

86
Q

EUCHROMATIN

A

Lightly packed form of chromatin enriched in genes. Makes up 92% of chromatin.

87
Q

HETEROCHROMATIN

A

Densely packed gene from of chromatin. Genes normally modified or suppressed. Only makes up 8.% of chromatin.

88
Q

TELOMERE

A

Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of the chromosome protecting it from deteriorating or fusing with other chromosomes.

89
Q

KARYOGRAM

A

Total set of chromosomes. Normally 23 pairs: 44 autosomal and 2 sex chromosomes. Helpful in diagnosing genetic diseases.

90
Q

CELL GROWTH

A

Process that regulates cell size. Unicellular organisms must balance this with cell division to maintain cell size.

91
Q

CELL CYCLE

A

Orderly sequence of events that occurs from the time when a cell is first formed until it divides into two new cells.

92
Q

CELL CYCLE PHASES

A

Interphase:

93
Q

CELL CYCLE PHASES

A 
Interphase
   -G1
   -S
   -G2
Mitosis
   -Prophase
   -Metaphase
   -Ananphase
   -Telophase
   -Cytokinesis
94
Q

G1 PHASE

A

First phase of interphase. Cell grows in size and synthesis of mRNA and proteins take place. DNA content 2n.

95
Q

RESTRICTION POINT

A

Takes place in G1 phase of cell cycle and determines whether. Cell will carry onto G1 or remain in G0 phase. Protein synthesis and growth factors needed to progress.

96
Q

S PHASE

A

Synthesis phase within interphase produces 4n DNA- each replication contains 2 identical strands of DNA still de-condensed in chromatin. DNA polymerase and helicase needed.
Damage to DNA also fixed in this phase.

97
Q

G2 PHASE

A

Phase within interphase just before leading into mitosis. Cell grows double the size & synthesises proteins needed for cell division in mitosis. DNA checked and still 4n. Occurs when MPF reached in S phase although not always necessary step.

98
Q

EARLY PROPHASE

A

Chromosomes position and condense (light microscope). Nucleolus disappears and nuclear membrane stars fragmenting.

99
Q

KINETOCORE

A

Structure on chromatids of DNA in mitosis where spindle fibres attach during division to separate sister chromatids. Formed during late prophase.

100
Q

LATE PROPHASE

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down completely and spindle fibres form along with kinetocore.

101
Q

METAPHASE

A

Microtubules attach at kinetocore and chromosomes align along metaphase plate . Polar spindle fibres overlap.

102
Q

ANAPHASE

A

Chromosomes separate as cohesin is cleaved by the release of securin. Kinetocore microtubules shortened and genetic material separated into 2 populations.

103
Q

TELOPHASE

A

Final stage of mitosis. Chromosomes reduce back into chromatin and spindles disappear. Nuclear envelop reformed via vehicle fusion or reshaping of ER. Nucleolus formed.

104
Q

CONTRACTILE RING

A

Found in cytokinesis. Formed of F-Actin and myosin-2. Separates 1 cell into 2 by forming under surface of plasma membrane and cleaving.

105
Q

CYTOKINESIS

A

Contractile ring formed & separation of 2 nuclei into daughter cells. Cytoplasmic organelles duplicate.

106
Q

CYCLIN

A

Proteins found in cell cycle to regulate MDK kinase activity. When bound to kinases form MPF activating proteins through phosphorylation.

107
Q

CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE

A

CDK’s found in the cell cycle. Involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing. Binds with cyclin to activate.

108
Q

MONOSOMY

A

Genetic disorder in which on chromosome lacks homologous partner.

109
Q

TRISOMY

A

Genetic disorder in which an extra copy of chromosome is present in the nuclei.

1st Semester (3 decks)

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