Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Science: 1 Biochemistry > BS0011_SEM1/LEC2/01 > Flashcards

BS0011_SEM1/LEC2/01 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe carbons position in the periodic table and what this means.

A

Group 4
4 outer shell electrons
Shares 4 electrons, so forms 4 covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the simplest organic molecule?

A

Methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which homologous series has the formula CnH2n+2

A

Alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Do Alkanes themselves have much medical use?

A

No
Not themselves of much medical use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Do alkanes occur as part of biomolecules?

A

Yes
Part of biomolecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Long hydrocarbon chains/ aliphatic groups (like alkanes) occur as part of biomolecules. Give an example of a biomolecule.

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of alkanes?

A

Unreactive= single bonds between adjacent carbons in hydrocarbon chain
Hydrophobic= non polar so insoluble in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of alkanes?

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State properties of alkanes.

A

Not themselves of much medical use
Occur as part of biomolecules
Characteristically unreactive and hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which homologous series has the formula CnH2n+1OH

A

Alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give examples of alcohols.

A

Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an isomer?

A

2 molecules with same chemical/ molecular formula but different arrangement of molecular groups/ atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which type of isomer is propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol?

A

Structural isomer: same molecular but different structural formula
Positional isomer: same carbon skeleton, same atoms and groups of atoms attached but attached to a different carbon atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State names of different isomerisms.

A

Structural
Geometric (cis/ trans)
Optical (D/ L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 2 types of bonds that influence carbon compound structure.

A

Single and double

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of single bonds on carbon compound structure?

A

Carbon atoms in single bond can rotate freely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the effects of double bonds on carbon compound structure?

A

Rigid
Sharing so many electrons, so only so many ways they can move around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe 4 properties of double bonds that influence carbon compound structure.

A
  1. Rigid- sharing so many electrons, so only so many ways they can move around; do not allow free rotation, so double bond molecules can either be in the cis or trans form
  2. Under strain- so more reactive than single bonds
  3. Reactions tend to be additions, so cause a change in 3D shape, as double bond broken
  4. Are geometric isomers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do cis and trans mean?

A

Cis means functional groups are on the same side of the carbon chain and trans means that the functional groups are on opposing sides of the carbon chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which functional group is -OH?

A

Hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are hydroxyl groups found in? (3)

A

Alcohols
Sugars
Some amino acids (serine, threonine, tyrosine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give 3 properties of hydroxyl groups.

A
  1. Form hydrogen bonds but are not ionised at physiological pH
  2. Makes molecule polar, so favour interaction with water = hydrophilic
  3. Can be modified, e.g phosphorylated- an important process in cell signalling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name a process where phosphorylation takes place.

A

Important process in cell signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the affects of phosphorylation?

A

Something phosphorylated can start a reaction or be a part of a chain of reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the involvement of hydroxyl groups in the first step of glycolysis.

A

During glycolysis, hydroxyl groups on glucose allow for phosphorylation
Activating the hydroxyl group on carbon 6
Catalysed by enzyme hexokinase, which uses ATP to convert glucose into Glucose-6-phosphate- a process known as glucose phosphorylation.

Products= G6P and ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the importance of the first step of glycolysis.

A

Glycolysis is process of breaking down glucose to produce energy
Keeps glucose concentrations low in the cell, allowing glucose to continue to diffuse in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which functional group is C=O?

A

Carbonyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What types of compounds are carbonyls in?

A

aldehydes (end) and ketones (internal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where are carbonyls found?

A

Sugars
Pyruvate
Glyceraldehyde
Bases of DNA and RNA (except Adenine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is meant by ‘not ionised at physiological pH’?

A

Doesn’t split up in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

State properties of carbonyl groups.

A

Has a dipole= uneven distribution or sharing of electrons in the double bond, so different ends of the molecule have partial charge- molecule is slightly charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the purposes of the carbonyl properties?

A

Can be a recipient in hydrogen bonds
Can react to form -OH group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe an example of a carbonyl reacting to form an -OH group.

A

Pyruvate (ketone) can be reduced using hydrogen from a reducing agent
Catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
To form a secondary alcohol- lactate

Reaction can be reversed to form pyruvate

34
Q

Which functional group is -COOH?

A

Carboxyl

35
Q

Where are carboxyl groups found?

A

Amino acids, including in side chains of Glutamate and Aspartate
Intermediates of TCA (citric acid) cycle
pyruvate and lactate
Creatine

36
Q

Describe properties of the carboxyl group.

A

Can be ionised at physiological pH, so carries a negative charge
Tends to make molecules hydrophilic, due to charge and strong capacity to form hydrogen bonds

37
Q

Which functional group can be drawn as a hexagon with a circle in?

A

Phenyl

38
Q

State other names for phenyl.

A

Benzene, Aromatic and Aryl ring

39
Q

Where are phenyl groups found?

A

In side groups of amino acids: phenylalanine and tyrosine
Thyroxine hormone
Oestrogen

40
Q

State the properties of phenyl groups.

A

Very stable= delocalisation of electrons
Hydrophobic
Physically bulky flat ring

41
Q

State the properties of phenyl groups.

A

Very stable= delocalisation of electrons
Hydrophobic
Physically bulky flat ring

42
Q

Which functional group is -NH2

A

Amino

43
Q

Where are amino groups found?

A

All amino acids, but also in side chains of Lysine and Arginine
Bases of DNA and RNA
Many other places

44
Q

State 2 properties of the amino group.

A

Can be ionised at physiological pH by gaining a hydrogen atom to form the NH3+ group
Group is highly hydrophilic= charge and hydrogen bonding potential

45
Q

Which functional group is PO3H2?

A

Phosphate

46
Q

Where is the phosphate group found?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoserine- metabolite that is an ester of phosphoric acid and the amino acid serine or phosphorylated form of amino acid serine
ATP, ADP and AMP
Backbone of DNA

47
Q

Describe 3 importances of phosphate groups.

A

Ionise at physiological pH, so are strongly negatively charged
Charge affects solubility, ability to cross membranes and interactions with other molecules
Phosphorylation activates molecules

48
Q

Which functional group is S-H

A

sulfhydryl

49
Q

Where are sulfhydryl groups found?

A

Side group of amino acid cysteine

50
Q

Describe 2 importances of sulfhydryl groups.

A

A disulfide bridge can be formed between 2 cysteines
R^1—S—S—R^2
Important in maintaining the shape of some proteins e.g insulin

51
Q

How is Cystine produced from 2 Cysteines?

A

2 Cysteines react and are oxidised to Cystine
Forming a bond between sulfur atoms in each Cysteine
Products: 2H+, Cystine and 2e^-

52
Q

Give 2 examples of compounds with multiple functional groups.

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)- methyl, s-amino, 3 hydroxyl’s and phenyl groups
Acetyl coenzyme A- thioester, amide, 2 amido’s, hydroxyl, 2 methyl’s, phosphoanhydride, phosphoryl, imidazole and amino groups

53
Q

What are the ‘building blocks’ of proteins?

A

Amino acids

54
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

55
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomers of proteins

56
Q

Describe the structure of amino acids.

A

Each a-carbon (alpha carbon) has an amino group, carboxylic acid group, R group/side chain and a hydrogen atom.
Each amino acid has a different R group/side chain

57
Q

State chemical properties of amino acids.

A
  1. Not immutable, since amino acids can be modified after being synthesised- which means proteins can be changed after synthesis
  2. Are chiral molecules, except glycine
58
Q

What does it mean for an amino acid to not be immutable?

A

Is not unchanging or fixed

59
Q

State an example where an amino acid is modified after synthesis.

A

Serine can be converted to phosphoserine using kinase.
Phosphoserine can be converted back to Serine using phosphatase.

60
Q

What is a chiral molecule?

A

Rotated molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image.

61
Q

Are amino acids chiral?

A

Amino acids are chiral molecules, so can exist as isomers

62
Q

What is an amino acid L-isomer and D-isomer an example of?

A

Optical isomers/ stereoisomers

63
Q

Are all amino acids chiral molecules?

A

All are, except glycine as it has a Hydrogen for its R-group

64
Q

Why is glycine not a chiral molecule?

A

Has H for its R-group, so can be superimposed

65
Q

Which diagram is best shows a molecules 3D structure?

A

Space-filling

66
Q

Describe 2 characteristics of lipids.

A

Can be saturated, (polyunsaturated) or saturated
Are hydrophobic, but often bonded to other hydrophilic molecules- resulting in phospholipids that are amphipathic

67
Q

What does polyunsaturated mean?

A

Several double bonds

68
Q

What makes lipids (fats) saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated- single bonds between adjacent carbons in hydrocarbon chain
Unsaturated- double bonds between adjacent carbons in hydrocarbon chain

69
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group

70
Q

Why are phospholipids amphipathic?

A

One part of molecule is hydrophobic and other is hydrophilic

71
Q

Give examples of phospholipids.

A

Phosphatidyl inositol
Phosphatidyl serine
Phosphatidyl choline
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Dihosphatidyl glycerol (cardiolipin)

72
Q

Describe the structure of a phospholipid.

A

Hydrophilic headgroup
Hydrophobic tail

73
Q

How do phospholipids react to the 70% water environment in cells?

A

Form a lipid bilayer

74
Q

Describe a lipid bilayer.

A

2 opposing layers of phospholipids parallel to each other
Hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails inwards

75
Q

Why are lipid bilayers useful?

A

Can form membranes that control movement in and out

76
Q

What functional group can sugars have?

A

Carbonyl C=O

77
Q

What are the characteristics of sugars?

A

Can have carbonyl functional groups C=O
Can be chiral
Their sugar rings are not phenyl rings
Can undergo condensation and hydrolysis reactions

78
Q

Are sugar rings phenyl rings?

A

No, sugar rings are not phenyl rings

79
Q

Describe the condensation and hydrolysis of sugars.

A

Condensation- Glycosidic bond forms between 2 sugar molecules by the removal of a water molecule.
Hydrolysis- Addition of a water molecule splits the molecule into 2 sugar molecules.

80
Q

Carbon’s ability to form _________ ____________ __________ is key to its _____________.
___________ and _____________ bonds differently ______________ the structure of organic compounds.
Organic compounds can show _______________.
Organic functional groups have ______________ and _____________ properties.
Complex organic molecules carry ______________ ___________________ ___________, defining their ______________.
The properties of amino acids, lipids and sugars are dependant upon ____________ _________________.

A

Multiple covalent bonds… chemistry
Single… double…constrain
Isomerism
Distinct… diverse
Multiple functional groups… chemistry
Carbon chemistry

Biological Science: 1 Biochemistry (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions