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Alan's First Aid > BS Step 1 Final Flash Cards > Flashcards

BS Step 1 Final Flash Cards

1
Q

Ziehl Nielsen (Carbol Fuschin) Stain

A

acid fast

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2
Q

Zidovudine (AZT) SE

A

anemia, baby prophy

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3
Q

Zidovudine (AZT) class

A

NRTI

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4
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica diarrhea mechanism

A

activates guanylate cylase

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5
Q

Worm in conjunctiva

A

Loa Loa

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6
Q

Wjere does the anal canal below pec line drain

A

Superficial inguinal

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7
Q

Wiskott Inheritance

A

XLR

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8
Q

Wiskott Aldrich Pathology

A

T cells cannot reorganize actin skeleton

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9
Q

Which species to prevent hypnozoites in

A

vivax/ovale

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10
Q

Where does the uterus drain

A

external iliac

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11
Q

Where does the skin below umbilicus drain

A

Superficial inguinal

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12
Q

Where does the scrotum/vulva drain

A

Superficial inguinal

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13
Q

Where does the glans penis or clitoris drain

A

Deep inguinal

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14
Q

Where does rectum above pec line drain

A

Internal iliac

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15
Q

Where does prostate drain

A

Internal iliac

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16
Q

Where does dorsolateral foot and posterior calf drain

A

Popliteal

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17
Q

Where does corpus of penis and proximal vagina drain

A

Internal iliac

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18
Q

Where does cervix drain

A

Internal iliac

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19
Q

Where does bladder drain

A

Internal Iliac

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20
Q

Where do salmonella and shigella invade

A

M cells of Peyer’s patches

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21
Q

Where are T cells in the spleen

A

periarteriolar lymphatic sheath

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22
Q

What you can use aztreonam for

A

only GNR’s

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23
Q

What two IL’s induce differentiation of TH1

A

IFNy and IL12

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24
Q

What to use for atropine poisoning

A

physostigmine

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25
Q

What to supplement with ampho B

A

K and Mg because of altered tubule permeability

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26
Q

What to always give with imipenem

A

cilistatin (inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I)

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27
Q

What to add to malaria tx to prevent hypnozoite relapse

A

Primaquine

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28
Q

What promotes viral release in flu

A

Neuraminidase

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29
Q

What promotes viral entry in flu

A

Hemaglutinnin

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30
Q

What MHC uses invariant chain (a b polypeptides)

A

MHCII

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31
Q

What MHC uses B2 microglobulin

A

MHCI

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32
Q

What loads antigens onto MHC1 in RER

A

TAP

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33
Q

What is the most important product to make abs to in flu

A

Hemaglutinnin

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34
Q

What is needed for INH to be converted to active

A

Bacterial catalast peroxidase (KatG)

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35
Q

What IL’s activate osteoclasts

A

IL1 and IL6

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36
Q

What IL induces differentiation of TH2

A

IL4

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37
Q

What does LPS activate

A

TLR4, complement, tissue factor

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38
Q

What do you use chloramphenicol for

A

meningitis, RMSF

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39
Q

What can you not take with FQ’s

A

Ca

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40
Q

What can you not take tetracyclines with

A

Ca, Mg, Fe (cations)

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41
Q

What blocks complex 4 of electron transport

A

Cyanide CO

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42
Q

What bacterial toxin inactivates Rho-regulatory proteins

A

C Diff

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43
Q

What are the two polyomaviruses

A

JC virus and GK virus

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44
Q

What are the two opsonins

A

C3b and IgG

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45
Q

What are NK’s derived from

A

Lymphocytes (only innate derived from these)

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46
Q

Warfarin CYP450

A

Substrate

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47
Q

Vancomycin/bacitracin mechanism

A

inhibits peptidoglycan formation by binding D-ala-D-ala of cell wall

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48
Q

Valacyclovir is what

A

acyclovir prodrug with better oral bioavailability

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49
Q

Use of clindamycin

A

anaerobes avobe diaphragm

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50
Q

Use of aminoglycosides

A

severe GNR’s, pseudomonas, cannot use for anaerobes (need O2 uptake)

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51
Q

Tx for leprosy

A

Dapsone, rifampin

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52
Q

Tx for crypto (acute and lifelong)

A

Ampho/flucytosine acute, lifelong fluconazole

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53
Q

Tx for babesiosis

A

atovaquone or quinidine

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54
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi treatment

A

benznidazole, nifurtimox

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55
Q

Tropicamide

A

Muscarinic antagonist (mydriasis and cycloplegia)

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56
Q

Trophozoites w/ engulfed RBC’s in cytoplasm or stool

A

Entamoeba Histolitica

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57
Q

Trimetoprim SE’s

A

megalo anemia, leukopenia, NT defects

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58
Q

Trimethorprim mechanism

A

inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase

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59
Q

Treatment for organophosphate toxicity

A

atropine, early pralidoxime (binds organophosphates)

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60
Q

Tolterodine

A

Muscarinic antagonist for urge incontinence

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61
Q

Togavirus (2)

A

Rubella, Equine encephalitis

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62
Q

Tobramycin class

A

Aminoglycosides

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63
Q

TMP-SMX CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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64
Q

Timolol

A

B1 and B2 blockers

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65
Q

Theophylline CYP450

A

Substrate

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66
Q

Tetracyclines mechanism

A

Bind 30s to prevent aminoacyl-tRNA attachment

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67
Q

Tetanospasmin

A

zinc protease cleaves SNARE (dec NT release of glycine/GABA)

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68
Q

Terbinafine mechanism

A

inhibits fungal squalene epoxidase. Use in dermatophyses.

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69
Q

Tenofovir class

A

NRTI

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70
Q

Teardrop multinucleated trophozoites w/ sucking disc in cysts/stool

A

Giardia

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71
Q

Tapeworm with B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobothrium Latum

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72
Q

Tapeworm from underbooked pork (cysticercosis)

A

Taenia solium

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73
Q

Tamsulosin

A

a1 selective blocker

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74
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Calcineurin inhibitor (binds FK506)

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75
Q

Sulfonamides SE’s

A

G6PD, nephrotox, photosensitivity, kernicterus

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76
Q

Sulfonamides mechanism

A

Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase (mimic PABA)

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77
Q

Stronglyoides transmission

A

feet in soil, streaks to lungs

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78
Q

Streptomycin mechanism

A

blocks 30s

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79
Q

Streptomycin class

A

Aminoglycosides

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80
Q

Strep Pyogenes toxin fn

A

Streptolysin - degrades membranes, lyses PMN’s/RBC’s.

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81
Q

Strep Pyogenes Exotoxin A

A

binds MHC and TCR outside antigen binding - TSS, scarlet fever

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82
Q

Strep pyogenes erythrogenic toxin

A

desquamation, scarlet fever

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83
Q

Steroid mechanism in immunosuprresion

A

Inhibits NF-Kb (anti apoptotic) and decreases all cytokines

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84
Q

Stavudine class

A

NRTI

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85
Q

Statins CYP450

A

Substrate

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86
Q

Staph Aureus Protein A

A

virulence factor - binds Fc-IgG, inhibits complement and phagocytosis

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87
Q

Staph A TSST-1 fn

A

bind MHC and TCR outside antigen binding

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88
Q

Staph A Exfoliative toxin

A

binds MHC and TCR outside antigen binding - SSS, protease for desmosome desmoglein

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89
Q

Staph A Enterotoxin

A

binds MHC and TCR outside antigen binding - food poisoning

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90
Q

SSRI’s CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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91
Q

Sporothrix tx

A

itraconazole/potassium iodide

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92
Q

Spironolactone CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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93
Q

Spiking fevers, HSM, from sandfly

A

Leishmaniasis

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94
Q

Solofenacin

A

Muscarinic antagonist for urge incontinence

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95
Q

Sofosbuvir

A

inhibits HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Chain terminator

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96
Q

SJW CYP450

A

Inducer

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97
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin)

A

MTOR inhibitor (binds FK506), prevents response to IL-2

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98
Q

Simeprivir mechanism

A

HCV protease inhibitor

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99
Q

Shiga (like) toxin mechanism

A

60s inactivation

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100
Q

Serpentine medusa-head chains

A

Anthrax

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101
Q

SE Sofosbuvir

A

fatigue, HA, nausea

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102
Q

SE ribavirin

A

hemolytic anemia, severe teratogen

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103
Q

SE of chloramphenicol

A

aplastic anemia, gray baby (lack of UDP transferase)

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104
Q

SE of carbapanems

A

seizures

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105
Q

SE NRTI’s

A

BM suppression, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial toxicity, lipodystrophy

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106
Q

SE linezolid

A

thrombocytopenia, serotonin syndrome (weak MAO-I)

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107
Q

SE Ganciclovir

A

BM suppression (neutropenia, thrombocyto)

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108
Q

SE Daptomycin

A

Myopathy and rhabdo

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109
Q

SE chloroquine

A

retinopathy, torsades, pruritis

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110
Q

Scopolamine

A

Muscarinic antagonist for motion sickness

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111
Q

SCC of the bladder and pHTN (fluke)

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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112
Q

Sarin gas

A

irreversibly inhibits ACHE

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113
Q

Sanguinis

A

Type of Viridans, makes dextrans from sucrose, which bind fibrin/plts on heart/teeth

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114
Q

Salmeterol

A

long acting B2 agonist

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115
Q

Sabouraud Agar

A

Fungi

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116
Q

Roundworm with hydatid cysts in liver (due to dogs/sheep)

A

Echinococcus Granulosus

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117
Q

Roundworm with gallstones and cholangiocarcinoma

A

Clonorchis

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118
Q

Roundworm in biliary tract/ileocecal valve

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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119
Q

Rotenone

A

blocks complex 1 (NADH) of electron transport

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120
Q

Romiplostim and etrombopag

A

TPO (thrombocyto) recomb cytokine

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121
Q

Rocket tails, tumbling motility

A

Listeria

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122
Q

River blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

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123
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Anticholinesterase

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124
Q

Ritonavir CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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125
Q

Ring and cross form in RBC

A

Babesiosis

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126
Q

Rifamycins mechanism

A

inhibit DNA-dependdent RNA polymerase

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127
Q

Rifamycin side effects

A

Hepatotoxicity, orange body fluids

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128
Q

Rifampin CYP450

A

Inducer

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129
Q

Ribavirin mechanism

A

inhbiits guanine nucleotide syntehsis by competitively inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase

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130
Q

Repeat in Friedrich Ataxia

A

GAA

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131
Q

Reovirus viruses (2)

A

Coltivirus (colorado tick fever), Fotavirus)

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132
Q

Reovirus genetic material

A

DS linear RNA in 10-12 segments, Double icosahedral

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133
Q

Regan-Lowe Agar

A

Bordetella

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134
Q

quinidine major side effect

A

TDP

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135
Q

Quinidine CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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136
Q

Pyrizinamide SE’s

A

Hyperuricemia and hepatotoxicity

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137
Q

Pyrimethamine mechanism

A

Inhibits parasite dihydrofolate reductase

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138
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Anticholinesterase with no CNS penetration

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139
Q

Protease Inhibitors ending

A

end in -navir

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140
Q

Protease inhibitor SE’s

A

hyperglycemia, GI intol, lipodystrophy

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141
Q

Propranolol

A

B1 and B2 blockers

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142
Q

Prochlorperate

A

DA antagonist for chemo nauseaa

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143
Q

prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin

A

a1 selective blocker

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144
Q

Praziquantel mechanism

A

increased Ca permeability

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145
Q

Pol in HIV

A

reverse transcriptiase, protease, integrase

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146
Q

Pol gene changes in HIV do what

A

evade HAART

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147
Q

Pindolol

A

B1 and B2 blockers and partial agonist

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148
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Cholinergic agonist in eye, causes mydriasis, can use in xerostomia

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149
Q

Picornaviruses (5)

A

enteroviruses (polio, echo, rhino, coxsackie, HAV)

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150
Q

Physostigmine

A

Both central and peripheral anticholinesterase

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151
Q

Phenytoin CYP450

A

Inducer

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152
Q

phentolamine

A

competitive reversible alpha blocker

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153
Q

phenozybenzamine

A

non competitive irreversible alpha blocker

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154
Q

Phenobarbital CYP450

A

Inducer

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155
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

Disables Gi to inc camp (edema), impairs phagocytosis

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156
Q

Permethrin mechanism

A

blocks Na channels (neurotox)

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157
Q

Pavilizumab

A

RSV

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158
Q

Parvovirus genetic material

A

SS DNA linear

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159
Q

Parathion

A

Organophosphate

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160
Q

Paramyxovirus (4)

A

RSV, Paraflu, Measles, Mumpes

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161
Q

Oxybutynin

A

Muscarinic antagonist for urge incontinence

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162
Q

Oseltamivir, Zanamivir mechanism

A

inhibit neuraminidase, preventing viral release

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163
Q

Organophosphates

A

Irreversibly inhibit AchE

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164
Q

Oprelvekin

A

IL-11 recomb cystokine (thrombocytopenia)

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165
Q

Oocysts in stool on acid fast stain

A

cryptosporidium

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166
Q

Only virus to have nuclear-derived membrane envelope

A

Herpes

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167
Q

Only RNA viruses (2) to erplicate in the cytoplasm

A

Flu and retrovirus

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168
Q

Only NRTI that is a nucleotide (not side) and does not need to be phosphorylated

A

Tenofovir

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169
Q

Only DNA virus not to replicate in nucleus

A

Pox

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170
Q

Only bacteria with polypeptide capsule?

A

Anthrax (D-glutamate)

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171
Q

Omeprazole CYP450

A

Inhibitor

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172
Q

Omalizumab

A

targets IgE

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173
Q

Oligomycin

A

Blocks complex 5 (O2) of electron transport

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174
Q

OCP’s CYP450

A

Inducer

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175
Q

OCP’s CYP450

A

Substrate

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176
Q

Nystatin mechanism

A

same as ampho B, too toxic for systemic

177
Q

NRTI’s mechanism

A

competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase by lacking a 3-OH group (cannot form 3-P bond)

178
Q

Notched teeth, CNVIII deagness, saddle nose, snuffles

A

Congenital Syphillis

179
Q

Norepi

A

a1, a2, B1

180
Q

Non typhi salmonella transmission

A

poultry, eggs, turtles

181
Q

Nocardia

A

Looks like TB, tx TMP-SMX

182
Q

NNRTI SE

A

SJS, hepatotoxicity

183
Q

nevriapine CYP450

A

Inducer

184
Q

Nevriapine class

A

NNRTI

185
Q

Neostigmine

A

Anticholinesterase with no CNS penetration

186
Q

Neomycin class

A

Aminoglycosides

187
Q

Nebivolol

A

B1 blockade with B3 stimulation (increase NO synthase)

188
Q

Natalizumab

A

targets a4 integrin, use in MS and crohns

189
Q

Nadolol

A

B1 and B2 blockers

190
Q

N. Meningitidis

A

LOS like LPS. Glucose and maltose fermenter (unlike gono).

191
Q

Myotonic dystrophy abnormality

A

CTG repeat in DMPK gene

192
Q

Mycoplasma membrane

A

cholesterol in membrane, no cell wall

193
Q

Mycophenolate Mofetil SE’s

A

GI, pancyto, HTN, hyperglycemia, CMV

194
Q

Mycophenolate Mofetil

A

Inhibits IMP dehydrogenase to prevent purine synthesis

195
Q

Muromonab

A

Binds CD3

196
Q

MTZ mechanism

A

Free radicals

197
Q

Mosquito in malaria

A

Anopheles

198
Q

Monocytes with mulberry inclusions in cytoplasma

A

Ehrlichiosis

199
Q

Mirtazapine

A

a2 selective blocker

200
Q

Midodrine

A

a1 agonist

201
Q

Metoprolol

A

B1 selective blocker

202
Q

Metoclopramide

A

DA antagonist for chemo nausea

203
Q

Methacholine

A

stimulates muscarinic receptors in the airway

204
Q

Mercury toxicity treatment

A

Dimercaprol

205
Q

Marked joint pains, retroorbital pain, DIC, lfushing

A

Dengue

206
Q

Maraviroc mechanism

A

binds CCR-5 on T cell surface, inhibiting gp120 interaction. Allosteric blocker, need tropism testing

207
Q

Macrolides SE’s

A

SE macrolides, GI motility issues, long QT, jaundice, eosinophilia

208
Q

Macrolides mechanism

A

50s subunit (23s) block tRNA translocation

209
Q

Macrolides (Except Azithro) CYP450

A

Inhibitor

210
Q

M protein

A

In group A strep, antiphagocytic and cross-reactive

211
Q

LPS made up of

A

O antigen, core polysaccharid, lipid A (toxic component)

212
Q

Local granulomatous ulcer with ascending lymphangitis

A

sporothrix

213
Q

Liver bx with granular eosinophilic homogenous ground-glass

A

HBV

214
Q

Linezolid mechanism

A

50s subunit (23s) preventing initiation complex formation

215
Q

Lindane mechniasm

A

blocks GABA channels (neurotox)

216
Q

Lesch Nyhan Treatment

A

allopurinol or febuxostat

217
Q

Legionella Tx

A

Fluoroquinolones, new macrolides

218
Q

Lead toxicity treatment

A

EDTA, dimercaprol

219
Q

Larvae in muscles

A

Trichinella

220
Q

Lamivudine class

A

NRTI

221
Q

LAD pathology

A

Defect in LFA-1 integrin (CD18)

222
Q

Labetolol

A

a and B antagonist

223
Q

Ketoconazole SE’s

A

T synth inhibition (gynecomastia), hyperpigmentation

224
Q

Katayama fever

A

Schistosoma worm and egg causing serum sickness

225
Q

Jimson weed treatment

A

physostigmine

226
Q

Isoproterenol

A

B1 and B2 agonist

227
Q

Isoniazid mechanism

A

mycolic acid synthesis decrease

228
Q

Irregular fever with brain capillary occlusion malaria

A

falciparum

229
Q

Ipratropium and Tiotropium

A

Muscarinic antagonists for COPD and asthma

230
Q

Interferons SE’s

A

flu like, depression, neutropenia, myopathy

231
Q

Integrase inhibitors SE’s

A

increased CK

232
Q

INH CYP450

A

Inhibitor

233
Q

Infliximab

A

soluble TNFa target

234
Q

Indole positive

A

E Coli (unlike enterobacter)

235
Q

Indinavir SE

A

hematuria, nephrotoxicity

236
Q

In liver - lymphoid aggregates w/ focal macrovesicular steatosis

A

HCV

237
Q

IL8

A

Neutrophil and phagocytosis chemokine

238
Q

IL5

A

IgA switching, increases Eos (asthma, parasites)

239
Q

IL3

A

stimulates growth of BM stem cells

240
Q

IL2

A

stimulates all immune system cells to form

241
Q

IL12

A

produced in mycobacterial infected macrophages (stimulates IFNy release)

242
Q

IL10

A

Anti inflam

243
Q

IFN-y use

A

CGD

244
Q

IFN-b use

A

MS (also produced by connective tissue fibroblasts)

245
Q

IFN-a use

A

chronic B&C, Kaposi, Hairy Cell Leukemia, Condyloma acuminatum, RCC, malig. Melanoma

246
Q

Hyper IgM inheritance

A

XLR

247
Q

Hyper IgM

A

Defective CD40L, cannot class switch

248
Q

Hyoscyamine

A

Muscarinic antagonist, acts on GI

249
Q

How to treat doxorubicin cardiotox

A

detazoxasine (chelator)

250
Q

How to dx schistosoma

A

Eggs in stool

251
Q

How is isoniazid metabolised

A

acetylation

252
Q

How is falciparum resistant to chloroquine

A

membrane pump

253
Q

HLA DR5

A

Hashi, Pernicious Anemia

254
Q

HLA DR4

A

RA, T1DM, Addison

255
Q

HLA DR3

A

T1DM, SLE, Graves, Hashi, Addisons

256
Q

HLA DR2

A

MS, SLE, Goodpasture

257
Q

HLA DQ2/8

A

Celiac

258
Q

HLA B8

A

Addison, MG, Graves

259
Q

HLA B5

A

Behcet

260
Q

HLA A3

A

hemochromatosis

261
Q

High fever, black vomit, jaundice, councilman bodies, myalgias

A

Yellow fever

262
Q

Hepatocyte swelling with balooning councilman bodies

A

HAV

263
Q

Hemorrhagic fever (ARDS), pneumonia, rodent reservoir

A

hantavirus (type of bunyavirus)

264
Q

Heat stable ETEC toxin mechanism

A

activates guanylate cyclase (inc cGMP to dec NaCl resorption)

265
Q

Heat labile ETEC toxin mechanism

A

activates adenylate cyclase (inc. cAMP to inc Cl secretion)

266
Q

Hearing loss, seizures, blueberry muffin rash

A

Congenital CMV

267
Q

Griseofulvin mechanism

A

interferes with microtubule formation

268
Q

Griseofulvin CYP450

A

Inducer

269
Q

Green Veggies CYP450

A

Inducer

270
Q

Grapefruit/Cran CYP450

A

Inhibitor

271
Q

gp41 in HIV

A

does fusion and entry

272
Q

gp120 in HIV

A

does attachment to host CD4 cell

273
Q

Glycopyrroate

A

Muscarinic antagonist for GI/resp, use preop to reduce secretions

274
Q

Ginseng CYP450

A

Inducer

275
Q

Giemsa Stain

A

Intracellular bugs

276
Q

Gentamicin class

A

Aminoglycosides

277
Q

Ganciclovir mechnaism

A

guanosine analog formed by CMV viral kinase - frms triphosphate

278
Q

Galantamine

A

Anticholinesterase

279
Q

Francicella

A

tularemia, from rabbis

280
Q

FQ SE’s

A

GI upset, long QT, tendinitis

281
Q

Foscarnet SE

A

nephrotox, electrolyte abnl, seizures

282
Q

Foscarnet mechanism

A

DNA/RNA/Reverse transcriptase inhibitor. NO kinase activation needed

283
Q

Fluke with liver and spleen enlargment and IDA

A

Schistosoma Mansoni/Japonicum

284
Q

Flucytosine mechanism

A

Inhibits DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5-FU by cytosine deaminase

285
Q

Flavivirus (5)

A

HCV, yellow fever, dengue, st. louis encephalitis, WNV

286
Q

Fenoldopam

A

D1 agonist

287
Q

Febuxostat

A

XO inhibitors

288
Q

F (fusion protein) in what viruses

A

paramyxoviruses (pavalizumab is ab against F protein in RSV)

289
Q

Exotoxin A (pseudomonas) mechanism

A

EIF-2 Inactivation

290
Q

Ethambutol mechanism

A

blcoks carb polymerization of cell wall by blocking arabinosyltransferase

291
Q

Ethambutol CYP450

A

Inducer

292
Q

ETEC toxins

A

Heat labile and heat stable

293
Q

Estradiol CYP450

A

Substrate

294
Q

Esmolol

A

B1 selective blocker

295
Q

Erythromycin class

A

Macrolides

296
Q

Epinephrine

A

B1, B2, a1, a2

297
Q

Env in HIV

A

host protease cleaved to gp120 and gp41

298
Q

Env gene changes in HIV do what

A

evade humoral immune response

299
Q

Enoxacin class

A

FQ’s

300
Q

Enfuvirtide mechanism

A

gp41, inhibits membrane fusion

301
Q

end in -tegravir class

A

Integrase inhibitors

302
Q

Encephalitis from flaccid paralysis from mosquito

A

WNV

303
Q

Emcitrabine class

A

NRTI

304
Q

Elephantiasis from lymph blockage

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

305
Q

EHEC transmission

A

undercooked meat

306
Q

Efvirenz class

A

NNRTI

307
Q

Efavirenz SE’s

A

vivide dreams, CNS, no in preg

308
Q

Edrophonium

A

anticholinesterase with no CNS penetration

309
Q

Ecythyma Gangrenosum

A

Pseudomonas

310
Q

Eculizumab

A

C5 (complement), use in PNH

311
Q

Echinocandins (-fungins) mechniams

A

inhbitis B-glucan cell wall synthesis

312
Q

Ebola is what kind of virus

A

Filovirus

313
Q

Eaton agar

A

Mycoplasma (needs cholesterol)

314
Q

E coli K capsule

A

pneumonia, meningitis

315
Q

Double Zone of B-hemolysis

A

C Perfringens

316
Q

Donepezil

A

Anticholinesterase

317
Q

Dobutamine

A

B1 agonist

318
Q

Diphtheria Toxin mechanism

A

EIF-2 inactivation

319
Q

Dimorphic cigar-shaped budding yeast

A

sporothrix

320
Q

Didanosine SE

A

Pancreatitis

321
Q

Dicyclomine

A

Muscarinic antagonist, use as GI antispasmodic

322
Q

Diadnosine class

A

NRTI

323
Q

Denosumab

A

targets RANKL (inhibits osteoclasts - mimics osteoprotegrin)

324
Q

Delaviridine SE

A

cannot use in preg

325
Q

Delavirdine class

A

NNRTI

326
Q

Daptomycin mechanism

A

Disrupts cell membrane

327
Q

Dapsone SE’s

A

G6PD, methemoglobinemia, granulocytopenia

328
Q

Dapsone mechanism

A

similar to sulfonamides

329
Q

Dapsone CYP450

A

Inhibitor

330
Q

Daclizumab

A

Block IL-2R

331
Q

Cyclosporine SE’s

A

Nephrotoxicity, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism

332
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Calcineurine inhibitor (binds cyclophilin), prevents IL-2 transcription

333
Q

Cyanide toxicity treatment

A

amyl nitrate (to make methemoglobin) and then thiosulfate

334
Q

Cord Factor

A

Made from mycolic acid in TB, need for virulence (inhibits macrophage activation)

335
Q

Coarse face, retained primary teeth, eczema, bone break, cold abscesses

A

Job (Hyper IgE)

336
Q

Coagulase

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin by activating prothrombin, allowing for phago resistance

337
Q

Clostridium perfringens toxin name

A

alpha toxin

338
Q

Clonidine

A

a2 agonist (use in HTN urgency, ADHD)

339
Q

Clindamycin mechanism

A

50s blcoks peptide translocation from A to P site

340
Q

Clinda side effect

A

C Diff

341
Q

Clarithromycin class

A

Macrolides

342
Q

Ciprofloxacin CYP450

A

Inhibitor

343
Q

Cimetidine CYP450

A

Inhibitor

344
Q

Cidofovir mechanism

A

Inhibits viral DNA pol. No need for viral kinase phosphorylation

345
Q

Chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcs

A

Congenital toxo

346
Q

Cholera toxin

A

ADP ribosylation of Gs GTP binding protein to inc. CAMP and inc. Cl secretion

347
Q

Chocolate Agar

A

H Flu

348
Q

Chloroquine mechanism

A

blocks heme polymerase

349
Q

Chloroquine mechanism

A

blocks detox of heme into hemozoin

350
Q

Chloramphenicol mechanism

A

blocks 50s peptidyltransferase

351
Q

Chlamydia subtypes

A

ABC blindness, D-K PID, L causes lymphogranuloma venereum

352
Q

Chediak Higashi pathology

A

Defect in lysosomal trafficking gene, microtubule dysfunction

353
Q

Chagas transmission

A

Redviid kissing bug

354
Q

Cetuximab

A

EGFR target (CRC and H&N cancer)

355
Q

Certolizumab

A

soluble TNFa target

356
Q

CD56

A

Unique to NK cells

357
Q

CD40L

A

found on helper T cells

358
Q

CD40 and B7

A

found on B cells

359
Q

CD34

A

Hematopoetic Stem Cell

360
Q

CD28

A

Marker on T cells that binds B7

361
Q

CD25, FoxP3

A

Found on TH17 cells

362
Q

CD16

A

NK cells and PMN’s, binds Fc

363
Q

CD15

A

Granulocytes and RS-cells

364
Q

CD14

A

Macrophages (PAMP-LPS receptor)

365
Q

Cataracts, deafness, PDA

A

Congenital rubella

366
Q

Catalase + organisms

A

Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Aspergillus, Burkholderia, Staph, Serratia

367
Q

Carvedilol

A

a and B antagonist

368
Q

Carbamazepine CYP450

A

Inducer

369
Q

Carbachol

A

Copy of Ach. Causes miosis and relieves ocular pressure

370
Q

Campy transmission

A

Poultry, meat, mil. AB toxin like cholera

371
Q

CAMP factor

A

made by GBS (agalactiae), enlarges hemolysis of S. Aureus

372
Q

C Diff Toxin B

A

cytotoxin. Cystoskeletal actin depolymerization (pseudomembranes - fibrin/necrosis)

373
Q

C diff Toxin A

A

enterotoxin. Binds brush border, activates neutrophils

374
Q

Buffered Yeast Charcoal

A

Legionella

375
Q

Brucella sxs and transmission

A

undulant fever, from dairy (acid fast)

376
Q

Botulinum toxin first sign

A

constipation, then DESCENDING paralysis

377
Q

Botox

A

zinc protease cleaves SNARE (dec NT release of Ach)

378
Q

Bortezomib

A

Proteasome inhibitor for myeloma, Waldenstrom

379
Q

Bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, flask-shaped ulcer

A

Entamoeba Histolitica

380
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct cholinomimetic, activates bowel and bladder

381
Q

Betaxolol

A

B1 selective blocker

382
Q

Benztropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist

383
Q

Bendazoles mechanism

A

microtubule inhibitors

384
Q

Basiliximab

A

Block IL-2R

385
Q

Bacteria from animal urine

A

leptospira

386
Q

B Lactam mechanism

A

Bind PCP’s so that they cannot X-link peptidoglycan in cell wall (D-ala-D-ala analog)

387
Q

Aztreonam mechanism

A

binds to PBP3, with no x-reactivity for PCN’s

388
Q

Azoles mechanims

A

inhibit 14-a-demthylase to inhbit lanosterol conversion to ergosterol

389
Q

Azoles CYP450

A

Inhibitor

390
Q

Azithromycin class

A

Macrolides

391
Q

Azathioprine

A

6-MP precursor

392
Q

Atropine

A

M3 antagnost, use to tx brady

393
Q

Atovaquone mechanims

A

inhibits mitochondrial e transport

394
Q

Atenolol

A

B1 selective blocker

395
Q

Arsenic toxicity treatment

A

dimercaptrol, DMSA, succimer

396
Q

Arenavirus (2)

A

LCMB (hamsters), Lassa fever (rodents)

397
Q

ApoE

A

mediates all remannt uptake (other than LDL)

398
Q

Apo C-II

A

LPL cofactor for CHY and VLDL

399
Q

Apo B-48

A

made by enterocytes for chylomicrons

400
Q

Apo B-100

A

made by hepatocytes. Binds LDL receptor (VLDL, IDL, LDL)

401
Q

Apo A-I

A

activates LCAT to esterify free chol to HDL and CHY

402
Q

Antihistone

A

Drug Lupus

403
Q

Antibiotic that causes cholestasis

A

erythromycin

404
Q

Anti-Smith

A

SLE

405
Q

Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarb

A

T1DM

406
Q

Anti-CCP

A

RA

407
Q

Anti smooth muscle

A

AI hepatitis

408
Q

Anti Jo/SRP/Mi

A

Myositis

409
Q

Anti APLA2R

A

Membranous GN

410
Q

Anthrax toxin

A

edema toxin - mimics guanylate cyclase - makes edematous eschar

411
Q

Anthrax lethal factor

A

Zinc protease that inhibits MAPK signaling

412
Q

Ampho B side effects

A

fevers, chills, nephrotox, QT, anemia, IV phlebitis

413
Q

Ampho B mechanism

A

binds ergosterol to form membrane pores

414
Q

Amiodarone CYP450

A

Inhibitor

415
Q

Aminoglycosides SE’s

A

Neprotoxic, NM blockade (myasthenic), Ototox, Teratogen

416
Q

Aminoglycosides mechanisms

A

Bind 30s to inhibit initiation complex and cause mRNA misreading

417
Q

Aminoglycoside resistance mechanism

A

acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation inactivation

418
Q

Amikacin class

A

Aminoglycosides

419
Q

Amantadine mechanism

A

inhibit viral uncoating

420
Q

Alpha toxin (clostridium) mechanism

A

phospholipase (lecithinase) degrades tissue and membranes

421
Q

Alemtuzumab

A

CD52, targets CLL

422
Q

Aldesleukin

A

Recombinant IL2 for RCC and melanoma

423
Q

Albinism, pyogenic infections, peripheral neuropathy, giant granules

A

Chediak Higashi

424
Q

Agar for diphtheria

A

tellurite, loffler

425
Q

Adalimumab

A

soluble TNFa target

426
Q

Acyclovir, famciclovir, valacyclovir mechanism

A

Fuanosine analogs that are phosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Inhibit viral DNA pol

427
Q

Actinomyces

A

Sulfur granules, Tx PCN

428
Q

Actinimycin A

A

blocks complex 3 (CoQ, cytoC) of electron transport

429
Q

Acetaminophen CYP450

A

Inhibitor

430
Q

Acebutolol

A

B1 selective blocker

431
Q

Abciximab

A

targets plt glycoproteins Iib/IIIa, antiplatelet

432
Q

Abacavir hypersensitivity

A

with HLA-B 5701

433
Q

Abacavir class

A

NRTI

434
Q

a-methyldopa

A

a2 agonist, use in HTN in preg

435
Q

72 hour fever malaria

A

malariae

436
Q

48 hour cycle fever malaria

A

vivax, ovale

437
Q

30 days of fever, anorexia, dark urine, acholic stools

A

HAV

438
Q

2,4 dinitrophenol

A

uncoupling agent (wt loss)

Alan's First Aid (2 decks)

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