BS: Lesson 1 - Sustainable Design Flashcards

0
Q

Ch. 1

The 1960 Rachel Carson publication was a literary alarm about what?

A

The gross misunderstanding of the value and hazards of pesticides.

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1
Q

Ch. 1

What are the three principles of sustainable design?

A
  1. The earth’s ecosystem has a finite amount of natural resources
  2. Given the laws of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed.
  3. All forms of energy trend to seek equilibrium and therefore disperse.
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2
Q

Ch. 1

Which four architects always discussed design in terms of empathy with nature and the natural system?

A

Vituvius

Ruskin

Wright

Alexander

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3
Q

Ch. 1

What is
The Natural Step

A

A 1996 organization of scientists, designers and environmentalist concerned with the preservation of the earth’s ecosphere and biosphere.

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4
Q

Ch. 1

What are the four principles of The Natural Step?

A
  1. Substances from the earth’s crust must not systemically increase in the ecosphere - elements (fossil fuel, ores, timber, etc.), must not be extracted from the earth faster than they can be replenished.
  2. Manufactured substances must not systemically be increased in the ecosphere - manufactured materials most not be produced at a faster rate than they can be integrated back into nature.
  3. The productivity and diversity of nature must not be systematically diminished - protect and preserve the variety of living organisms.
  4. There must be a fair and efficient use of resources.
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5
Q

Ch. 1

Buildings consume at least ______ percent of the world’s energy, and account for _____ of the world’s emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning, and _____ of acid rain-causing carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

A

40%

1/3

2/5

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6
Q

Ch. 1

Sustainable site selection is influenced by many factors including these 6:

A

cost

adjaceny to utilities

transportation

building type

zoning

neighborhood compatibility

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7
Q

Ch. 1

What are the six principles of the Site Selection standard of the Sustainable Site Planning standards?

A

Adjacency to public transportation

Flood plains (either raising bldg 1 foot abv 100 year elev or locating bldg entirely out of the 100 year plain)

Avoid building in zones prone to erosion, fire and landslides

Avoid sites with high slopes (leads to erosion and topsoil loss) and avoid site with fertile topsoil conditions (ag sites)

Solar orientation - orientate building with the long axis generally east-west and fenestrations primarily facing south; use earth forms and tree lines to help with heat gain/loss

Landscaping - locate dense, coniferous trees on elevations with prevailing winds (usually west or northwest); helps to reduce heat loss due to infiltration and wind chill. Locate deciduous shade trees on south and west elevations can help with summer solar gain.

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8
Q

ch. 1

What are the seven Sustainable Site Planning standards?

A

Site selection

Alternative transportation

Reduction of site disturbance

Storm water management

Ecologically sensitive landscaping

Reduction of light pollution

Open space preservation

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9
Q

ch. 1

What are the three principles of the Open Space Preservation standard of the Sustainable Site Planning standards?

A

Promote in-fill development

Promote development that protects natural resources

Establish procedures that ensure the ongoing management of the natural areas

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10
Q

ch. 1

In 1991, a group of architects, planners and community leaders meet at Ahwahnee hotel in Yosemite to present new sustainable planning ides based on what urban and suburban symptoms?

A

The symptoms are:

1. more congestion and air pollution from increased dependency on cars
2. loss of precious open space
3. need for costly road improvements and public services
4. inequitable distribution of economic resources
5. loss of a sense of community
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11
Q

ch. 1

What are the 3 fundamental principles of The Ahwahnee Principle?

A

Community

Regional

Implementation

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12
Q

ch. 1

What are the 15 components of The Ahwahnee Principle’s Community Principle?

A
  1. All planning should be in the form of complete and integrated communities containing housing, jobs, civic facilities, etc.
  2. Community sized so activities are in easy walking distance.
  3. Locate activities within easy walking distance from public transportation.
  4. Contain a diversity of housing types (different economic and age levels).
  5. Community businesses should provide jobs for residences.
  6. The location and character of the community should be consistent with a larger transit network.
  7. The community should have a center focus - civic, cultural, etc.
  8. Ample supply of open space (parks, greens, squares)
  9. Public spaces to encourage use from all ages and all times of day/night.
  10. Have a well-defined edge (greenbelt, wildlife corridor)
  11. Discourage high speed traffic; streets, pedestrian paths and bike paths to provide a connected and interesting route to destinations.
  12. Preserve the natural terrain, vegetation and drainage
  13. Community design should help conserve resources and minimize waste.
  14. Community design for efficient use of water.
  15. Energy efficient community with street orientation and the use of landscaping.
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13
Q

ch. 1

What are the 4 components of The Ahwahnee Principle’s Regional Principle?

A
  1. Regions should be integrated with larger transportation network rather than freeways.
  2. Regions should be bounded by and provide a system of greenbelts and wildlife corridors.
  3. Regional institutions and services should be located in the urban core.
  4. Materials and methods of construction should be specific to the region.
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14
Q

ch. 1

What are the 4 components of The Ahwahnee Principle’s Implementation Principle?

A
  1. The general plan should be updated to incorporate the Community and Regional Principles.
  2. Don’t allow developer-initiated piecemeal development; general plan should designate where new growth, in-fill, or redevelopment will occur.
  3. Prior to development, prepare a specific plan based on the Community and Regional Principles.
  4. Develop plans through an open process
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15
Q

ch. 1

What is the acronym LEED stand for and what is LEED?

A

LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

It is the green building rating system developed by the 1993 U.S. Green Building Council.

Based on scientific standards, it emphasizes strategies for:
	stainable site development
	water savings
	energy efficiency
	materials selection
	indoor environmental quality.
16
Q

ch. 1

What is the U.S. Green Building Council?

A

A 1993 nonprofit trade association founded to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and health places to live and work. It created the LEED green building performance based rating system.

17
Q

ch. 1

Architects are faced with what five components to every design decision?

A

cost (first cost of design, initial cost of purchase, construction cost)

function

aesthetics

time

sustainability

18
Q

ch. 1

What are the five goals of sustainable design?

A
  1. use less
  2. recycle components
  3. use easily recycled components
  4. use fully biodegradable components
  5. do not deplete natural resources
19
Q

ch. 1

What is life-cycle costing

A

costs of:

(FI MA OP PE RE)

first cost
maintenance cost
operating cost
periodic maintanence cost
residual value of the design element
20
Q

ch. 1

What does ASHRAE stand for

A

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

21
Q

ch. 1

What does ANSI stand for

A

American National Standards Institute

22
Q

ch. 1 and 4

Name four techniques of daylighting

A

overhangs and fins

north facing sawtooth skylights

interior window shading devices

light shelves

23
Q

ch. 1

What are the four advantages and four disadvantages of a small-scale wind turbine

A

Advantages:

1. relatively cost-effective
2. tested and established technology
3. systematic started-up
4. relatively high output

Disadvantages:

1. need a relatively high mast
2. requires substantial structural support
3. present potential for noise pollution
4. visually intrusive
24
Q

What are the four LEED certification levels

A

Certified 40–49 points
Silver 50–59 points
Gold 60–79 points
Platinum 80 points and above

25
Q

Give 8 examples of innovative technologies an architect can offer for energy conservation

A
  1. groundwater aquifer cooling and heating
  2. Geothermal energy
  3. wind turbines
  4. photovoltaic systems
  5. fuel cells
  6. biogas
  7. small scale hydro
  8. ice storage cooling systems
26
Q

What are the LEED prerequisite categories

A

Prerequisites:

1. bldg commissioning
2. erosion control
3. indoor air quality

Optional credits:

1. water use reduction
2. heat island reduction
3. material recycle content
4. optimize energy performance
27
Q

How can the architect utilize the Energy and Optimization Modeling tool (i.e. DOE’s Building Analysis Program) when designing sustainable projects?

A

To assist in the cost analysis of the project.

28
Q

In terms of energy evaluation for sustainable design projects, the architect works with the design team to design strategies that may reduce what things?

A

reduce the amount of purchased energy

reduce operating costs

reduce the nation’s dependence on imported fossil fuels (i.e.: OIL!!!)

29
Q

Albedo

A

The percentage of incoming light that is reflected rather than absorbed. It is the reflective power of a surface (reflection coefficeint)

30
Q

Absolute humidity

A

Amount of moisture in the air

31
Q

Active solar heating system:

A

A system in which solar energy is absorbed in a collector, stored, and distributed by an auxiliary circulating system

32
Q

Ambient compensator:

A

An electronic device that provides a small amount of heat to the refrigeration compartment to ensure that the
machinery continues to cycle when ambient temperatures are low.

33
Q

Ambient temperature

A

Temperature of a fluid (usually air) that surrounds an object.

34
Q

What are the six passive solar energy configurations?

A

direct solar gain

indirect solar gain

isolated solar gain

heat storage

insulation and glazing

passive cooling

35
Q

Benchmark

A

Information on the total energy consumption in btus/sf for various kinds of buildings.

36
Q

How would a sustainable design team use benchmarking

A

As a way to alert the design team to the base energy standards for their design/building.