BS - Development

Question 1

What is the Apgar score, and when is it evaluated?

Answer 1

Assessment of newborn vital signs following labor via a 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes

Question 2

On what factors is the Apgar score based? How is it scored?

Answer 2

Apgar score is based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (>= 7 = good; 4-6 = assist and stimulate; < 4 = resuscitate)

Question 3

What is the increased risk associated with Apgar score < 4, and under what conditions?

Answer 3

If Apgar score remains < 4 at later time points, there is increased risk that the child will develop long-term neurological damage.

Question 4

What is low birth weight?

Answer 4

Defined as < 2500 g.

Question 5

What are 2 causes of low birth weight?

Answer 5

Caused by prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).

Question 6

What 2 most serious conditions are associated with low birth weight?

Answer 6

Associated with increased risk of SIDS, and with increased overall mortality.

Question 7

Besides SIDs and mortality, what are 5 other problems associated with low birth weight?

Answer 7

Other problems include impaired (1) thermoregulation and (2) immune function, (3) hypoglycemia, (4) polycythemia, and (5) impaired neurocognitive/emotional development.

Question 8

What are 5 complications of low birth weight?

Answer 8

Complications include (1) infections, (2) respiratory distress syndrome, (3) necrotizing enterocolitis, (4) intraventricular hemorrhage, and (5) persistent fetal circulation.

Question 9

What are early development milestones? What intervention may be needed in children not meeting milestones?

Answer 9

Milestone dates are ranges that have been approximated and vary by source. Children not meeting milestones may need assessment for potential developmental delay.

Question 10

What are the major motor milestones for an infant (0-12 mo.)?

Answer 10

(1) Primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo) (2) Posture - lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12-18 mo) (3) Picks - passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo) (4) Points to objects (by 12 mo); Think: “Parents (in Parents Start Observing)”

Question 11

When do each of the major primitive reflexes disappear?

Answer 11

Primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo)

Question 12

What posture developmental milestones occur in an infant (0-12 mo), and when?

Answer 12

Posture - lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12-18 mo)

Question 13

What “picks” developmental milestone occur in an infant (0-12 mo), and when?

Answer 13

Picks - passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo)

Question 14

What are major social developmental milestones of an infant (0-12 mo)? By when does each occur?

Answer 14

(1) Social smile (by 2 mo) (2) Stranger anxiety (by 6 mo) (3) Separation anxiety (by 9 mo); Think: “Start (in Parents Start Observing)”

Question 15

What are the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestones of an infant (0-12 mo)? By when does each occur?

Answer 15

(1) Orients - first to voice (by 4 mo), then to name and gestures (by 9 mo) (2) Object permanence (by 9 mo) (3) Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” (by 10 mo); Think: “Observing (in Parents Start Observing)”

Question 16

What are the major motor development milestones for a toddler (12-36 mo)? By when does each occur?

Answer 16

(1) Climbs stairs (by 18 mo) (2) Cubes stacked - number = age (yr) x 3 (3) Cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (by 20 mo) (4) Kicks ball (by 24 mo); Think: “Child (in Child Rearing Working)”

Question 17

What are the major social development milestones for a toddler (12-36 mo)? By when does each occur?

Answer 17

(1) Recreation - parallel play (by 12 mo) (2) Rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (by 24 mo) (3) Realization - core gender identity formed (by 36 mo); Think: “Rearing (in Child Rearing Working)”

Question 18

What is the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestone for a toddler (12-36 mo)? Be specific.

Answer 18

Words - 200 words by age 2 (2 zeros), 2-word sentences; Think: “Working (in Child Rearing Working)”

Question 19

What are the major motor developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?

Answer 19

(1) Drive - tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr) (2) Drawings - copies line or circle, stick figure (by 4 yr) (3) Dexterity - hops on one foot (by 4 yr), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (by 5 yr); Think: “Don’t (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”

Question 20

What are the major social developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?

Answer 20

(1) Freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (by 3 yr) (2) Friends - cooperative play, has imaginary friends (by 4 yr); Think: “Forget (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”

Question 21

What are the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?

Answer 21

(1) Language - 1000 words by age 3 (3 zeroes), uses complete sentences and prepositions (by 4 yr) (2) Legends - can tell detailed stories (by 4 yr); Think: “Learning (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”

Question 22

What sexual changes that occur in elderly men versus women?

Answer 22

Sexual changes: Men - slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period; women - vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness

Question 23

What are 2 qualities/characteristics that do not decrease in elderly?

Answer 23

Sexual interest does not decrease. Intelligence does not decrease.

Question 24

What are the sleep pattern changes in elderly?

Answer 24

Sleep patterns: Decrease REM and slow-wave sleep; Increase sleep onset latency and Increase early awakenings

Question 25

What effect does elderly age have on suicide rate, and particularly in what population?

Answer 25

Increase suicide rate (particularly white men > 85 years old)

Question 26

What effect does elderly age have on the following: vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control?

Answer 26

Decreased vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control

Question 27

What effect does elderly age have on renal, pulmonary, and GI function?

Answer 27

Decreased renal, pulmonary, GI function

Question 28

What effect does elderly age have on muscle mass and fat?

Answer 28

Decreased muscle mass, Increased fat

Question 29

What is presbycusis, and what causes it? In what patient population is it seen?

Answer 29

Presbycusis - high-frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base (preserved low-frequency hearing at apex).

Question 30

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age < 1 yr?

Answer 30

(1) Congenital malformations (2) Preterm birth (3) SiDS

Question 31

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 1-14 yr?

Answer 31

(1) Unintentional injury (2) Cancer (3) Homicide

Question 32

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 15-24 yr?

Answer 32

(1) Unintentional injury (2) Homicide (3) Suicide

Question 33

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 25-34 yr?

Answer 33

(1) Unintentional injury (2) Suicide (3) Homicide

Question 34

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 35-44 yr?

Answer 34

(1) Unintentional injury (2) Cancer (3) Heart disease

Question 35

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 45-64 yr?

Answer 35

(1) Cancer (2) Heart disease (3) Unintentional injury

Question 36

What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 65+ yr?

Answer 36

(1) Heart disease (2) Cancer (3) Chronic respiratory