BS - Development Flashcards
What is the Apgar score, and when is it evaluated?
Assessment of newborn vital signs following labor via a 10-point scale evaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes
On what factors is the Apgar score based? How is it scored?
Apgar score is based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration (>= 7 = good; 4-6 = assist and stimulate; < 4 = resuscitate)
What is the increased risk associated with Apgar score < 4, and under what conditions?
If Apgar score remains < 4 at later time points, there is increased risk that the child will develop long-term neurological damage.
What is low birth weight?
Defined as < 2500 g.
What are 2 causes of low birth weight?
Caused by prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
What 2 most serious conditions are associated with low birth weight?
Associated with increased risk of SIDS, and with increased overall mortality.
Besides SIDs and mortality, what are 5 other problems associated with low birth weight?
Other problems include impaired (1) thermoregulation and (2) immune function, (3) hypoglycemia, (4) polycythemia, and (5) impaired neurocognitive/emotional development.
What are 5 complications of low birth weight?
Complications include (1) infections, (2) respiratory distress syndrome, (3) necrotizing enterocolitis, (4) intraventricular hemorrhage, and (5) persistent fetal circulation.
What are early development milestones? What intervention may be needed in children not meeting milestones?
Milestone dates are ranges that have been approximated and vary by source. Children not meeting milestones may need assessment for potential developmental delay.
What are the major motor milestones for an infant (0-12 mo.)?
(1) Primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo) (2) Posture - lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12-18 mo) (3) Picks - passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo) (4) Points to objects (by 12 mo); Think: “Parents (in Parents Start Observing)”
When do each of the major primitive reflexes disappear?
Primitive reflexes disappear - Moro (by 3 mo), rooting (by 4 mo), palmar (by 6 mo), Babinski (by 12 mo)
What posture developmental milestones occur in an infant (0-12 mo), and when?
Posture - lifts head up prone (by 1 mo), rolls and sits (by 6 mo), crawls (by 8 mo), stands (by 10 mo), walks (by 12-18 mo)
What “picks” developmental milestone occur in an infant (0-12 mo), and when?
Picks - passes toys hand to hand (by 6 mo), Pincer grasp (by 10 mo)
What are major social developmental milestones of an infant (0-12 mo)? By when does each occur?
(1) Social smile (by 2 mo) (2) Stranger anxiety (by 6 mo) (3) Separation anxiety (by 9 mo); Think: “Start (in Parents Start Observing)”
What are the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestones of an infant (0-12 mo)? By when does each occur?
(1) Orients - first to voice (by 4 mo), then to name and gestures (by 9 mo) (2) Object permanence (by 9 mo) (3) Oratory - says “mama” and “dada” (by 10 mo); Think: “Observing (in Parents Start Observing)”
What are the major motor development milestones for a toddler (12-36 mo)? By when does each occur?
(1) Climbs stairs (by 18 mo) (2) Cubes stacked - number = age (yr) x 3 (3) Cultured - feeds self with fork and spoon (by 20 mo) (4) Kicks ball (by 24 mo); Think: “Child (in Child Rearing Working)”
What are the major social development milestones for a toddler (12-36 mo)? By when does each occur?
(1) Recreation - parallel play (by 12 mo) (2) Rapprochement - moves away from and returns to mother (by 24 mo) (3) Realization - core gender identity formed (by 36 mo); Think: “Rearing (in Child Rearing Working)”
What is the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestone for a toddler (12-36 mo)? Be specific.
Words - 200 words by age 2 (2 zeros), 2-word sentences; Think: “Working (in Child Rearing Working)”
What are the major motor developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?
(1) Drive - tricycle (3 wheels at 3 yr) (2) Drawings - copies line or circle, stick figure (by 4 yr) (3) Dexterity - hops on one foot (by 4 yr), uses buttons or zippers, grooms self (by 5 yr); Think: “Don’t (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”
What are the major social developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?
(1) Freedom - comfortably spends part of day away from mother (by 3 yr) (2) Friends - cooperative play, has imaginary friends (by 4 yr); Think: “Forget (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”
What are the major verbal/cognitive developmental milestones for a preschool-aged child (3-5 yr)? By when does each occur?
(1) Language - 1000 words by age 3 (3 zeroes), uses complete sentences and prepositions (by 4 yr) (2) Legends - can tell detailed stories (by 4 yr); Think: “Learning (in Don’t Forget, they’re still Learning!)”
What sexual changes that occur in elderly men versus women?
Sexual changes: Men - slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period; women - vaginal shortening, thinning, and dryness
What are 2 qualities/characteristics that do not decrease in elderly?
Sexual interest does not decrease. Intelligence does not decrease.
What are the sleep pattern changes in elderly?
Sleep patterns: Decrease REM and slow-wave sleep; Increase sleep onset latency and Increase early awakenings
What effect does elderly age have on suicide rate, and particularly in what population?
Increase suicide rate (particularly white men > 85 years old)
What effect does elderly age have on the following: vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control?
Decreased vision, hearing, immune response, bladder control
What effect does elderly age have on renal, pulmonary, and GI function?
Decreased renal, pulmonary, GI function
What effect does elderly age have on muscle mass and fat?
Decreased muscle mass, Increased fat
What is presbycusis, and what causes it? In what patient population is it seen?
Presbycusis - high-frequency hearing loss due to destruction of hair cells at the cochlear base (preserved low-frequency hearing at apex).
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age < 1 yr?
(1) Congenital malformations (2) Preterm birth (3) SiDS
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 1-14 yr?
(1) Unintentional injury (2) Cancer (3) Homicide
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 15-24 yr?
(1) Unintentional injury (2) Homicide (3) Suicide
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 25-34 yr?
(1) Unintentional injury (2) Suicide (3) Homicide
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 35-44 yr?
(1) Unintentional injury (2) Cancer (3) Heart disease
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 45-64 yr?
(1) Cancer (2) Heart disease (3) Unintentional injury
What are the top 3 most common cause of death (U.S.) in age 65+ yr?
(1) Heart disease (2) Cancer (3) Chronic respiratory
