BS

Question 1

oncogene

Answer 1

genes that have made the transition from proto-oncogene and are now capable of producing neoplasms. cause unregulated cell growth through promotion of cellular division, which results in further mutations

Question 2

tumor suppressor genes

Answer 2

genes that function to help control cell growth; their loss results in uncontrolled cell growth through loss of regulation of division. can be inactivated through a variety of types of mutations. during the loss-of-function alteration, both alleles need to be inactivated.

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in NUMBER of cells. a pathologic finding ass’d with a predisposition to progress to invasive carcinoma.

Question 4

dysplasia

Answer 4

disordered growth of epithelium. loss of cellular uniformity and architectural orientation. the cells may have an increased number of mitotic figures. does not necessarily mean mass or tumor, but often a precursor of malignancy. can be reversible if the inciting agent is removed

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

normal transition of cells of one type of tissue to another, OR transformation of cells from a normal state to an abnormal state.

Question 6

carcinoma in situ

Answer 6

full-thickness dysplasia of the epithelium

Question 7

invasive carcinoma

Answer 7

tissue boundaries, esp the basement membrane, have been breached.

Question 8

metastatic carcinoma

Answer 8

occurs via the lymphatic system to regional lymph nodes and via the bloodstream to distant organs and other tissues.

Question 9

hypertrophy

Answer 9

enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of cells - NOT an increase in the # of cells.

Question 10

neoplasm/neoplasia

Answer 10

abnormal growth of cells resulting in distorted tissue architecture

Question 11

anaplasia

Answer 11

Lack of differentiation (differentiation = How histologically similar to the normal tissue the neoplasm is)

Question 12

paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 12

Side effects of a neoplasm not attributable to functions normally associated with the cell type of origin or by the location of the tumor

Question 13

benign neoplasm architecture

Answer 13

cells look normal (highly differentiated). anaplasia usually absent

Question 14

benign neoplasm rate of growth

Answer 14

Relatively slow growth

Question 15

benign neoplasm pattern: enlargement and spread

Answer 15

Remain localized and inflict damage by encroachment on adjacent structures

Question 16

malignant neoplasm architecture

Answer 16

Cells show varying degrees of differentiation.

Anaplasia often present

Question 17

malignant neoplasm rate of growth

Answer 17

Unrestrained growth w/ invasion of adjacent tissues

Question 18

malignant neoplasm pattern: enlargement and spread

Answer 18

Metastases to distant sites

Question 19

sarcomas characteristically metastasize through

Answer 19

blood

Question 20

carcinomas characteristically metastasize through

Answer 20

lymphatics

Question 21

normal cells undergo malignant transformation that results in abnormal cellular behavior. this may be due to

Answer 21

o	Altered nuclear and cellular structure
o	Chromosomal abnormalities
o	Genetic mutations
o	Biochemical abnormalities
o	Inappropriate cell products

Question 22

well differentiated tumor cells:

Answer 22

retain specialized tissue function and look similar to normal cells

Question 23

poorly differentiated tumor cells:

Answer 23

lost function and don’t look like normal cells

Question 24

carcinomas arise from

Answer 24

ectoderm or endoderm

Question 25

sarcomas arise from

Answer 25

mesoderm

Question 26

metastases occurs through

Answer 26

• Lymphatic invasion
• Blood-borne transport
• Seeding of body cavities, organs, skeleton

Question 27

angiogenesis

Answer 27

Tumor blood vessel proliferation