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Biol321 > Bryozoans > Flashcards

Bryozoans Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 lifestyles of bryozoans?

A
  1. Colonial

2. Sessile

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2
Q

What type of feeding do they do?

A

They suspension feed.

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3
Q

What feeding structure do they use (and what is it)?

A

A lophophore, which is a funnel of ciliated tentacles.

The crown of ciliated tentacles draws water down into the funnel of tentacles to create a feeding current.

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4
Q

What is their exoskeleton called?

What are the 2 things it might be made of?

A

Called the zooecium

Often calcified, but sometimes tough and proteinaceous.

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5
Q

What type of digestive tract do they have?

A

U-shaped

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6
Q

Are they true eucoelomates?

If so, what is/are the coelomic compartments called?

A

Yes.

  1. Lophophoral coelom in their hollow tentacles
  2. Perivisceral coelom
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7
Q

What implications does their small size have on their morphology?

A

No specialized organs for:

  1. Gas exchange
  2. excretion/osmoregulation
  3. Internal fluid circulation
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8
Q

How does internal fluid circulation work?

A

Mesothelium lining coelomic compartments is ciliated, beating of cilia keeps coelomic fluid in circulation to distribute nutrients, gases.

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9
Q

How does excretion/osmoregulation occur?

A

Diffusion across the body wall. No protonephridia or metanephridia.

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10
Q

Name and describe the diversity of colony forms.

A
  1. Stoloniferous
    - stolon branches out over rocks, cluster reaches up every now and then
  2. Encrusting
    - zooids lie flat against rock, lophophore arises from VENTRAL surface (not apical)
  3. Erect
    - branched fronds or flat blades reach up from substrate
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11
Q

How do encrusting colonies grow?

A
  • oldest zooid settles in middle

- bud off periphery

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12
Q

How do branched fronds/flat blades form form (and what type of colony are the in)

A
  • formed from individual zooids with their zooecium

- erect colonies

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13
Q

Describe the only solitary bryozoan’s name and lifestyle/habitat.

A

Called a monobryozoan

  • is solitary
  • lives between sand grains
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14
Q

What is colony polymorphism?

A

The DIVISION OF LABOUR:

  • different zooids are specialized for different jobs
  • are structurally and functionally distinct
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15
Q

What are the types of zooids and their roles?

A

Autozooids: feeding
Heterozooids: defense

-prevents settling of organisms on colony

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16
Q

What is the special name for heterozooids? How are they modified?

A

Avicularium (avicularia)

-have modified operculum that closes shut on intruding larvae/particles

17
Q

How can motile bryozoan colonies move?

A

With heterozooids called vibraculum.

-are whip-like features that prevent debris settling AND act as legs

18
Q

Are bryozoans hermaphroditic or gonochoristic?

A

Hermaphroditic

-have both male and female reproductive systems

19
Q

What are the life history stages of encrusting bryozoan colony zones?

A

Inside->outside

  1. REGENERATION (from brown body) at center
  2. REGRESSION (brown bodies)
  3. Sexually Mature
  4. Maturing
  5. Budding (periphery)
20
Q

What are the defensive strategies of bryozoans?

A
  1. Heterozooids
  2. Colonialism
  3. Chemical Defenses (toxic/unpalatable chemicals)
  4. Induced defenses
  5. Calcification of frontal membrane
21
Q

What are induced defenses?

A
  • only expressed if animal under threat
  • default mode doesn’t have these
  • take a while to form (are not instant)
22
Q

What is an example of a predator and an induced defense?

A

Predator: Nudibranch

-chemical effluent from them causes growth of pines from 4 corners of zooecium

23
Q

Describe lophophore retraction/extension with a non-calcified frontal membrane

A

Retratction:
1. Lophophore RETRACTOR muscles contract
2. Increases coelomic pressure, bulges frontal membrane outwards
Extension:
1. Lophophore PROTRACTOR muscles contract
2. Raises coelomic pressure and pushes lophophore out again

24
Q

What do they used to extend/retract their lophophore?

A

A HYDROSTATIC skeleton with muscles

25
Q

Challenges of a calcified frontal membrane

A

No flexible membrane means that protractor muscles wouldn’t work

26
Q

Describe lophophore retraction/extension with a calcified frontal membrane

A
  • have ASCUS->sac that extends from pore in frontal membrane
  • ascus dilator muscles contract to fill ascus with sea water, raising fluid pressure in perivisceral coelom and pushing lophophore back out

Biol321 (8 decks)

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