Bryophytes Flashcards
What are the three phyla of bryophytes?
- marchantiophyta
- Bryophyta
- anthocerophyta
Where does photosynthesis reactions take place?
- dark reactions occur in the stroma
- light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane
What is the difference in the leaf margins of marchantophyta and bryophtya?
- Bryophyta smooth
- marchantiophyta have ragged leaf margins and a small set of leaves underneath
What is most distinguishable about anthocerophyta?
- the horn shaped sporophyte
what are the three categories of Bryophyta?
- sphagnidae, bryidae and andreidae
What is the difference between acrocarp and pleurocarp? Where are they found?
- acrocarp: cushion moss
- pleurocarp: carpet moss
bryidae category
where are chloroplasts found in the plant?
- in the leaves, not the stem roots or flowers
Describe the leaf margins to distinguish classes of bryophytes
- Bryophyta have smooth leaf margins and leaves are spiralled around
- liverworts / marchantiophyta have jagged leaf margins and have na extra layer of leaves
Which generation is dominant and which generation is dependant in bryophytes?
- sporophytes are fully dependent on gametophytes
Describe the leaf shape of all of the phyla in bryophytes
- marchantiophyta: leafy and thalloid thallus
- Bryophyta: leafy thallus (also have pleurocarp and acrocarps!)
- anthocerophyta: thalloid thallus
How do bryidae stay upright?
- with the use of pseudo vascular components hydroids and leptoids: also used for transport of water and sugar/other molecules
What do marchantiophytes use for asexual reproduction?
- they use Gemma cups! - small cups with gammae inside
How do mosses stay upright? how do they grow on trees/rocks?
- upright structural support provided by hydroids and leptoids
- grow on trees/rocks using rhizoids
What are brood bodies?
- used in fragmentation, little pieces break off and grow into their own structures
What are gametangia?
these are the parts that produce gametes
- in bryophytes, the female gametangia is called archegonia, male gametangia is called antheridia
What is the difference between splash cups and Gemma cups?
splash cups: sexual reproduction in bryidae
- gemma cups: asexual reproduction in marchantiophyta: SKIP the sporophyte stage
Do bryophytes produce homospores or heterospores?
- bryophytes produce homospores
describe antheridia in bryophytes
antheridia are the male gametangia: produce sperm
- multiple antheridia and within each are multiple sperm produced!
Describe archegonium in bryophytes
- female gametangia
produce eggs - each archegonium produces only one egg
Where does fertilization occur in bryophytes? what conditions are required?
- fertilization occurs within the archegonium
- requires moisture in order for the flagellated sperm to swim to the egg
Describe the sporophyte of Bryophyta
- calyptra, seta, capsule, operculum peristome
- the peristome bursts open in dry conditions and spreads spores everywhere (in wet conditions it closes in to protect the spores)
Is the calyptra composed of gametophyte tissue or sporophyte tissue?
- gametophyte tisse
Describe the marchantiophyta sporophyte
- sexual sporophyte has a foot, spores, elaters (for spore dispersal), and a seta
- found beneath the umbrella leaves so not always visible
Describe the anthocerophyta sporophyte
- seta is not macroscopically visible
- similar foot, spores, etc.
- horn shaped sporophyte!!!
What occurs with the spores after they have landed and germinated?
- the protonema grows out of it (small hair like structures) in search of ideal conditions for growth
How do splash cups work?
- found in bryophytes, splash cups accumulate sperm which are dispersed to the egg when hit with rain drops
- remember that bryophytes require moisture to fertilize because the flagellated sperm need to swim to the egg
What structure grows into the gametophyte?
- the spore, which develops protonema which bud and become gametophyte
What makes up the gametophyte?
- thallus and rhizoids
are homospores exosporic or endoscopic?
exosporic to become gametophyte
What are hydroids?
- specialized cells in gametophytes of sporophyte tissues of bryidae
- conduct water, similar to xylem in vascular plants
What are leptoids?
- specialized cells in bryidae gametophyte, conduction of sugars and other nutrients
- similar to phloem in vascular plants
