Angiosperms Flashcards
1
Q
Are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?
A
- heterosporous (endoscopic development)
2
Q
What are the female parts of the angiosperm?
A
Carpel: stigma, style, ovary,
3
Q
What are the male parts of the angiosperm?
A
- filament and anther
4
Q
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
A
- angiosperms have no archegonia, and they have vessel elements and tracheids
5
Q
where does the egg develop in the angiosperm?
A
- within the megagametophyte within the megaspore
6
Q
are all pollen the same shape?
A
- no, pollen have many different shapes so they can be recognized as like or unlike (lock and key mechanism)
7
Q
What part becomes the seed?
A
- the ovule becomes the seed
8
Q
How many cells are in the megagametophyte?
A
- 7 cells, 8 nuclei
9
Q
Describe fertilisation in angiosperms
A
- 2 sperm enter the ovule, one fertilizes the egg, the other fertilizes both polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm
10
Q
What functions are unique about angiosperms?
A
- double fertilization
- polar nuclei + sperm = 3n endosperm
11
Q
Describe the cells in the ovule?
A
- 8 cells: 3 antipodal, 1 egg, 2 synergies, and one polar nuclei (2 cells within)
12
Q
Describe the vascular tissue in the angiosperms (the xylem and phloem)
A
- has phloem
- has tracheids (primary xylem) and vessel elements (secondary xylem)
13
Q
Describe the shape of tracheids and vessel elements?
A
- tracheids: long spindle, connected by pit plugs
- vessel elements: tubes connected by sieve plates
14
Q
what are inflorescences? How are they connected?
A
- groups of flowers which share a peduncle, connected to the peduncle by pedicels
15
Q
What are the 3 types inflorescences?
A
- raceme, panicles, cymes
16
Q
What are monocot flowers? How about dicot flowers?
A
- flowers in multiples of three, parallel venation
- flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, netted venation
17
Q
are the leaves of angiosperms megaphyllic or microphyllic?
A
- megaphyllic
18
Q
describe the stem of monocots
A
- vascular tissue scattered throughout piths
- looks like little skulls: forehead is phloem, mouth is air space, eyes and nose are the vessel elements, outline = tracheids
19
Q
Describe the stem of dicots
A
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- xylem found inside, phloem on outside
- vascular cambium evident as ring between vascular bundles
- wedge shapes are vascular bundles
20
Q
What is the vascular cambium?
A
a thin layer of cells found in plants, separating two other types of plant vascular tissue, xylem and phloem.
21
Q
Describe the root of monocots
A
22
Q
Describe the root of dicots
A
23
Q
What is the corolla?
A
- the collective ring of flowers around the reproductive organs
24
Q
What is the calyx?
A
- part that surrounds the growing bud
25
what is fruit?
- the ovary, derived from the carpel, contains the ovules (becomes the seeds)
26
What are the 3 forms of ovaries?
- hypogenous: superior : buttercup
- perigynous : semi inferior : parley
- epigynous : inferior: rose
27
What are the 4 types of flower parts ?
- all forms of modified leaves
- whorls of state, carpel, corolla, sepals/calyx
28
What is a perfect flower? What is a complete flower?
- a perfect flower has both carpels and stamen
- a complete flower has all parts of the flower
29
What is an incomplete flower?
- incomplete is missing at least one of the modified leaves
30
Are perfect flowers always complete?
- complete flowers are always perfect, perfect flowers are not always complete
31
what does monoecious and dioecious mean?
monoecious: male and female parts on same flower or same structure (can have two separate flowers OR be on the same flowers)
dioecious: male and female parts on separate flowers
32
what are the three forms of infloresence?
- panicle, raceme, cyme
- all other forms are modifications of these types : a loss or elongation of pedicle
33
What are the subforms of inflorescences?
- spike, Corymb, head, simple/compound umbel, spadix
34
What are the three parts of the ovary?
- exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
35
What are the three forms of carpel?
- fused, multiple, simple
- fused: obvious sections, called locales
36
What are the kinds of fruit?
- aggregate, multiple, simply dry, simple fleshy
37
What are aggregate fruit?
- multiple carpels joined together (eg; blackberry)
38
What are multiple fruit?
- multiple flowers joined together (pineapple)
39
What are simple fruit?
a single carpel
40
- what are the two forms of dry simple fruit?
dehiscent : open at maturity
and indehisent: does not open at maturity
41
What are the. 5 kinds of fleshy fruit?
- berries: all 3 layers soften at maturity
- drupes: single seed surrounded by hard endocarp - at maturity mess and exocarp soften
- hesperidias : mesocarp and endocarp soften, exocarp has oil glands
- pomes: ovary protected by swollen receptacle (eg; apple)
- pepos: all layers soften but exocarp and mesocarp form a thick rind
42
What is the advantage of inflorescence?
- multiple pollination
43
What kind of leaf pattern do the 3 kinds of inflorescences have?
- panicle: alternating
- raceme
- cyme: whorled
44
what is a fibrous root system?
- dense network of roots
45
what is a tap root system?
- a single main root
46
What is hypogeal germination?
- epicotyl does not emerge from soil, first foliage is visible
47
Describe the root of a dicot
Dicot root:
Within the pericycle = x shape,
Larger = vessel, smaller = tracheids
Phloem = surrounding the x
48
Describe the stem of a monocot
Monocot stem: as vascular bundles scattered throughout, look like skulls: phloem in forehead, eyes and nose are vessel elements, mouth is an airspace, and the outline of skull are tracheids
49
Describe the stem of a dicot
Dicot stem: has a ring with wedges that look like ice cream cones - the phloem is the ice cream, the xylem is the cone
Largest xylem cells are vessel elements, smaller are tracheids
50
Describe the root of a monocot
Monocot root: circular, with a pith in the center and air spaces, the pericyle adn endodermis: wothn are the vascular tissue, outside is the cortex. The smaller dots are the phloem, larger dots are the xylem, lateral root extends from the pericycle
51
