Angiosperms Flashcards
Are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?
- heterosporous (endoscopic development)
What are the female parts of the angiosperm?
Carpel: stigma, style, ovary,
What are the male parts of the angiosperm?
- filament and anther
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
- angiosperms have no archegonia, and they have vessel elements and tracheids
where does the egg develop in the angiosperm?
- within the megagametophyte within the megaspore
are all pollen the same shape?
- no, pollen have many different shapes so they can be recognized as like or unlike (lock and key mechanism)
What part becomes the seed?
- the ovule becomes the seed
How many cells are in the megagametophyte?
- 7 cells, 8 nuclei
Describe fertilisation in angiosperms
- 2 sperm enter the ovule, one fertilizes the egg, the other fertilizes both polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm
What functions are unique about angiosperms?
- double fertilization
- polar nuclei + sperm = 3n endosperm
Describe the cells in the ovule?
- 8 cells: 3 antipodal, 1 egg, 2 synergies, and one polar nuclei (2 cells within)
Describe the vascular tissue in the angiosperms (the xylem and phloem)
- has phloem
- has tracheids (primary xylem) and vessel elements (secondary xylem)
Describe the shape of tracheids and vessel elements?
- tracheids: long spindle, connected by pit plugs
- vessel elements: tubes connected by sieve plates
what are inflorescences? How are they connected?
- groups of flowers which share a peduncle, connected to the peduncle by pedicels
What are the 3 types inflorescences?
- raceme, panicles, cymes
What are monocot flowers? How about dicot flowers?
- flowers in multiples of three, parallel venation
- flowers in multiples of 4 or 5, netted venation
are the leaves of angiosperms megaphyllic or microphyllic?
- megaphyllic
describe the stem of monocots
- vascular tissue scattered throughout piths
- looks like little skulls: forehead is phloem, mouth is air space, eyes and nose are the vessel elements, outline = tracheids
Describe the stem of dicots
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- xylem found inside, phloem on outside
- vascular cambium evident as ring between vascular bundles
- wedge shapes are vascular bundles
What is the vascular cambium?
a thin layer of cells found in plants, separating two other types of plant vascular tissue, xylem and phloem.
Describe the root of monocots
Describe the root of dicots
What is the corolla?
- the collective ring of flowers around the reproductive organs
What is the calyx?
- part that surrounds the growing bud
what is fruit?
- the ovary, derived from the carpel, contains the ovules (becomes the seeds)
What are the 3 forms of ovaries?
- hypogenous: superior : buttercup
- perigynous : semi inferior : parley
- epigynous : inferior: rose
What are the 4 types of flower parts ?
- all forms of modified leaves
- whorls of state, carpel, corolla, sepals/calyx
What is a perfect flower? What is a complete flower?
- a perfect flower has both carpels and stamen
- a complete flower has all parts of the flower
What is an incomplete flower?
- incomplete is missing at least one of the modified leaves
Are perfect flowers always complete?
- complete flowers are always perfect, perfect flowers are not always complete
what does monoecious and dioecious mean?
monoecious: male and female parts on same flower or same structure (can have two separate flowers OR be on the same flowers)
dioecious: male and female parts on separate flowers
what are the three forms of infloresence?
- panicle, raceme, cyme
- all other forms are modifications of these types : a loss or elongation of pedicle
What are the subforms of inflorescences?
- spike, Corymb, head, simple/compound umbel, spadix
What are the three parts of the ovary?
- exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
What are the three forms of carpel?
- fused, multiple, simple
- fused: obvious sections, called locales
What are the kinds of fruit?
- aggregate, multiple, simply dry, simple fleshy
What are aggregate fruit?
- multiple carpels joined together (eg; blackberry)
What are multiple fruit?
- multiple flowers joined together (pineapple)
What are simple fruit?
a single carpel
- what are the two forms of dry simple fruit?
dehiscent : open at maturity
and indehisent: does not open at maturity
What are the. 5 kinds of fleshy fruit?
- berries: all 3 layers soften at maturity
- drupes: single seed surrounded by hard endocarp - at maturity mess and exocarp soften
- hesperidias : mesocarp and endocarp soften, exocarp has oil glands
- pomes: ovary protected by swollen receptacle (eg; apple)
- pepos: all layers soften but exocarp and mesocarp form a thick rind
What is the advantage of inflorescence?
- multiple pollination
What kind of leaf pattern do the 3 kinds of inflorescences have?
- panicle: alternating
- raceme
- cyme: whorled
what is a fibrous root system?
- dense network of roots
what is a tap root system?
- a single main root
What is hypogeal germination?
- epicotyl does not emerge from soil, first foliage is visible
Describe the root of a dicot
Dicot root:
Within the pericycle = x shape,
Larger = vessel, smaller = tracheids
Phloem = surrounding the x
Describe the stem of a monocot
Monocot stem: as vascular bundles scattered throughout, look like skulls: phloem in forehead, eyes and nose are vessel elements, mouth is an airspace, and the outline of skull are tracheids
Describe the stem of a dicot
Dicot stem: has a ring with wedges that look like ice cream cones - the phloem is the ice cream, the xylem is the cone
Largest xylem cells are vessel elements, smaller are tracheids
Describe the root of a monocot
Monocot root: circular, with a pith in the center and air spaces, the pericyle adn endodermis: wothn are the vascular tissue, outside is the cortex. The smaller dots are the phloem, larger dots are the xylem, lateral root extends from the pericycle
