Bruce Exam Flashcards
compartment syndrome
increased pressure within a limited space that compromises the circulation and function of the tissues within the space.
HALLMARK SYMPTOM: disproportionate pain to what was previously reported.
typically have 3-4 hour to fix, perm injury after six hours
faciotomy
two long fissures along either side of a bone to relieve the pressure in compartment syndrome
Neurovascular assessment
5 p's pain pulse pallor parasthesia paralysis
Fat Embolism
an embolism originating in the bone marrow that occurs after a fracture.
Common in patients with a long bone fracture
usually occurs within 48 hours of injury
Symptoms:
agitation/restlessness
mental status/LOC
tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension
sudden dyspnea
petechial rash over the upper chest and neck
osteoporosis
reduced bone mass and density and an imbalance of bone formation
normal bone histology but lacks structural integrity
inadequate calcium, vit D, phosphorus
caused by drops in estrogen or testosterone
sedentery lifestyle
medical conditions
medication
alcohol
low body weight
smokin
Osteomalacia
Rickets
abnormally high ratio of osteoid (inadequately mineralized bone matrix) to mineralized bone bc calcification does not occur-results in soft bones
pain, bone fractures, vertebral collapse, bone malformation
Vit D metabolism def. lowers calcium absorption
Lack of calcium utilization, not lack of calcium
Renal Tubular phosphate loss
hereditary defect of renal tubules leading to decreased reabsorption of phosphate and then reduced serum phosphate levels
generalized bone modeling error resulting in short, squat bones
paget disease
Bowing of the legs
Excessive breakdown of bone tissue followed b abnormal bone formation
normal bone marrow is replaced by vascular, fibrous, connective tissue that leads to formation of larger, disorganized and weaker bone tissue
most common in skull, femur, tibia, pelvic bones, and vertebrae
symptoms
bone pain-fractures
skeletal deformities
nerve damage, hearing loss, visual abnormalities
shortness of breath-cardiac abnormalities
osteomyelitis
staph infection or blood borne infection
acute and chronic inflammation, fever, pain, necrotic bone
osteosarcoma
adolescents and young adults
metaphyses of long bones
multiple myeloma
body makes too many myeloma cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies that aren’t needed, so they collect in bone marrow
bone pain, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, repeated infections, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urination difficulties, and weakness or numbness of legs
osteoarthritis=degenerative joint disease
degeneration and loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage, and formation of bone spurs
incidence increases with age
local areas of damage and loss of articular cartilage, new bone formation of joint margins, subchondral bone changes, and variable degrees of mild synovitus and thickening of joint capsule
pain, stiffness, enlargement of joint, tenderness, limited ROM, deformity
Rheumatoid Arthritis
chronic autoimmune systemic disease
joint pain, swelling, redness, warmth, deformity, loss of function, joint stiffness
bilateral and symmetrical
nodules in hands and feet in later stages
Gout
elevated uric acid levels in blood resulting in deposition of urate crystal in synovial fluid and joint tissues
intense sudden pain, redness, swelling and warmth over joints=inflammation
fibromyalgia
chronic pain syndrome of diffuse musculoskeletal achiness, stiffness, fatigue, and exaggerated tenderness in joints, muscles, tendons, and other soft tissue
HALLMARK SIGN: widespread body pain
down syndrome
trisomy 21 extra 23rd chromosome alzheimers by 30 infertile males congenital heart defects
