bronder BIO Flashcards
1
Q
it is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical cells -
A
mitosis
2
Q
When does mitosis occur?
A
during growth
healing injuries
asexual reproduction
3
Q
thread like structures found in the nucleus
A
chromosomes
4
Q
what is the cell cycle?
A
G1
S
G2
M
5
Q
whats in “G1” -
A
cell growth
6
Q
what is in “S” =
A
Dna replication
7
Q
what happens in “G2” =
A
preparation for mitosis
8
Q
what happens in “M” =
A
cell division
9
Q
what are the six phases in mitosis =
A
interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokinesis
10
Q
G1, S, and G2 (sometimes refereed to as F)
A
interphase
11
Q
where the centrioles appear, nucleus dissappears, spindle fibers appear -
A
prophase
12
Q
where chromosomes line up in the middle =
A
metaphase
13
Q
where chromosomes get seperated by the spindle fibers pulling them apart
A
anaphase
14
Q
its the opposite of interphase, where the nucleus appears =
A
telophase
15
Q
division of the cytoplasm =
A
cytokinesis
16
Q
its the cell division in which the # of chromosomes are cut in half
A
meiosis
17
Q
there are how many divisions in meiosis -
A
two
18
Q
it requires two parent cells each contributing half of the chromosomes found in the offspring -
A
sexual reproduction
19
Q
half the # of chromosomes =
A
haploid
20
Q
23 =
A
haploid
21
Q
46 =
A
diploid
22
Q
the normal amount of chromosomes =
A
diploid
23
Q
a cell that is formed in union of sperm and egg
A
zygotte
24
Q
any cell that isn’t a gamete =
A
somatic cells
25
chromosomes that occur in pairs and contain similar genes =
homologous chromosomes
26
pairing of homologous chromosomes
synapsis
27
exchange of a portion of a chromatid between homologous chromosomes =
crossing overr
28
group of two chromosomes each w/ two chromatids , four chromosomes total =
tetrad
29
what are the 8 stages in meiosis =
```
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
prophase 2
metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2
```
30
where the chromosomes duplicate and coil up
prophase 1
31
where paired chromosomes line up in the middle =
metaphase 1
32
chromosomes move to opposite poles -
anaphase 1
33
where the cell divides to form two cells =
telophase 1
34
where the individual chromosomes are visible =
prrophase 2
35
where the chromatids seperate and move to opppsite poles -
anaphase 2
36
where the cytoplasm divides resulting in 4 gametes or haploid cells =
telophase 2
37
mitosis or meiosis ?
| most cells
mitosis
38
mitosis or meiosis ?
| outcome if 4 gametes or haploid cells
meiosis
39
mitosis or meiosis ?
| paired homologous chromosomes in synapsis and crossing over =
meiosis
40
mitosis or meiosis ?
| no paired homologous chromosomes =
mitosis
41
chromosomes #'s are the same
| mitosis or meiosis ?
mitosis
42
has two divisions
| mitosis or meiosis ?
meiosis
43
mitosis or meiosis ?
| one division
mitosis
44
mitosis or meiosis ?
| daughter cell is identical to parent
mitosis
45
mitosis or meiosis ?
| daughter cells contain varying chromosomes arrangements
meiosis
46
mitosis or meiosis ?
| happens during growth, healing injuries, asexual reproduction =
mitosis
47
mitosis or meiosis ?
| happens during sexual reproduction =
meiosis
48
what does DNA stand for -
deoxyribonucleic acid
49
they are chemical that make up proteins =
nucleic acids
50
they make up everything =
proteins
51
where is DNA located?
in the nucleus
52
DNA carries the _______________ __________ to make proteins =
heredity code
53
what is the structure of DNA -
a double helix
54
who determined the structure of DNA -
watson and crick
55
it is a segment of DNA that controls protein production
gene
56
the ability DNA has to make an exact copy of itself -
replication
57
bases, phosphates, and deoxyribose are found in the ___________ -
nucleus
58
during replication, DNA _________
unzips
59
the enzyme responsible for the unzipping -
helicase
60
they are the basic unit of DNA -
nucleotides
61
what are the four nitrogen bases -
adenine, thymine
| guanine, cytosine
62
what are the four bases all held together by?
hydrogen bonds
63
what does RNA stand for ?
Ribonucleic acids
64
RNA is ___________ stranded.
single
65
Just like DNA, RNA contain the four bases, except one is changed. what is it?
thymine - uracil
66
what are the 3 types of RNA -
mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer
rRNA - ribosomal
67
the process of forming RNA from DNA -
transcription
68
DNA stores what?
information
69
a group of three bases on mRNA tthat codes for an amino acids -
codon
70
the formation of protein molecule from mRNA -
translation
71
which type of RNA carries the amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome -
tRNA
72
which type of RNA attaches to a ribosome
mRNA
73
its a set of 3 bases on tRNA that compliments a codon on the mRNA-
anticodon
74
what type of bond is formed between the amino acids -
peptide bond
75
two or more elements bonded together -
compound
76
a compound that has carbon; living/was once a live -
organic
77
a compound that has no carbon; not living/ never has lived -
inorganic
78
its the body's main source of energy and commonly called sugar or starch -
carbohydrates
79
mono means ...
one
80
saccharide means...
sugar
81
-di means ...
two
82
poly means...
many
83
what are the three parts of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
84
its putting compounds together by taking out water
dehydration synthesis
85
which of the four compounds store energy, insulates, and protets -
lipids
86
their building blocks are triglycerides -
lipids
87
what compound has the function of builds up cells/tissues, controls rate of the chemical reactions, and helps fight disease -
proteins
88
what are proteins building block?
amino acids
89
its a special type of covalent bond found between the amino acids in a protein -
pepide bond
90
they are the heredity material found in cells -
nucleic acids
91
what are nucleic acids building blocks -
nucleotides
92
it means cell fuel -
ATP
93
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
94
where is energy stored?
in the bonds
95
what are the two energy makers?
Mitchondria and chloroplasts
96
its where some autotrophs make food by using inorganic molecules as an energy source -
chemosynthesis
97
photosynthesis is a type of _______________
chemosynthesis
98
its the process by which most autotrophs make food by using light from the sun -
photosynthesis
99
CO2 + H2O + light + C6H12O6 + O2
| what equation if this for?
photosyntthesis
100
its the green pigment found in the chloroplasts that absorbs light energy
chlorophyll
101
its where light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the grana of the chloroplasts -
light dependent reaction
102
Where is ATP produced?
in light dependent reaction
103
where does light dependent reactions happen?
in the grana
104
where does light independent reactions happen?
in the stroma
105
where is ATP used?
in the light independent reactions
106
what are some factors that affect photosynthesis -
temperature
amount of water
light intensity
107
its the chemical breakdown of glucose to provide energy -
cellular respirtation
108
C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O + ATP
| what equation does this represent?
cellular respirtaion
109
its where the sugar is breaking -
glycolsis
110
what is the first stage of respiration?
glycolysis
111
where does glycolysis occur?
in cytoplasm
112
its cellular respiration without the use of oxygen; it breakdown glucose to make ATP
fermentation
113
it makes ethanol and CO2
alcoholic
114
examples: exercise, sour milk, pickles, cheese
latic acid
115
it uses oxygen to break down glucose to produce 36 ATP -
aerobic resiration
116
who studied heredity -
mendel
117
Mendel crossed tall and short, what was the offspring?
tall
118
its the genetic makeup -
genotyype
119
its the physical appearance -
phenotype
120
What is the rule of unit factors -
each organism has 2 factors tht controls its traits
| genes on a chromosome
121
whatt is the rule of dominance -
dominant
| recessive
122
its the observed trait -
dominant
123
its the unobserved trait -
recessive
124
its during meiosis where each gamete gives one allele-
law of segregation
125
its where the organisms alleles are identical -
homozygous
126
its where there are one of each allele -
herterozyous
127
its also called blending inheritance -
incomplete dominance
128
where the results are spots or speckles -
codominance
129
its a cross that shows the possible offspring of two traits -
dihybrid cross
130
its a chart that shows relationships within a family and how the traits and transmitted through generations -
pedigrees
131
circles represen ...
females
132
squares represent...
males
133
if most males have the disorder then its ...
sex-linked
134
if its a 50/50 ratio of both male and females then it would be ...
autosomal
135
they are traits for which there are more than two forms of a particular gene -
multiple alleles
136
what are the four blood types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
137
its a change over time
evoluttion
138
its a well supported testable explanation of a phenomena that has occured in a natural world -
scientific theory
139
the percentage of a specific allele
allelic frequency
140
a new population in equilibrium is not evolving because the frequency of alleles is not changing --
genetic equilibrium
141
its all of the genes
gene pool
142
the environmental factor that changes genes
mutations
143
an allele and the # of times it appears in the gene pool
relative frquency
144
its the random changes in an allele frequency that occurs in small populations -
genetic drift
145
its the transport of genes by migrating individuals
gene flow
146
an abnormal amount of chromosomes -
polyploidy
147
he said on the HMS beagle ...
Darwin
148
they were geologists that proved the earth was a lot older -
hutton and lyell
149
he predicted humans would slowly grow faster than the resources would ....
Malthus
150
he was the first scientist to realize organisms change over time in their life time...
Lamarck
151
he independently came up w/ the hypothesis stating evolution by natural selection
Wallace
152
its where many more offspring are produced can possibly survive to adulthood -
over reproduction
153
its between members of the same population for resources, shelter, food -
competition
154
the slight differences between members of the same species -
variation
155
those individuals that have variations tht are an advantage are most likely to survive -
survival of the fittest
156
its an inhabited trait that makes it more able to survive
adaptation
157
only organisms that live long enough to reproduce can pass on their genes -
reproduction
158
the development of a new species over a long period of timee -
speciation
159
best adapted offspring reproduce and survive
natural selection
160
they change over time (f) -
fossils
161
its the most reliable source of proof for evolution
biochemistry
162
embryos are very similar suggesting a common ancestor -
embryology
163
they are similar structures that indicate a common ancestor
homologous structure
164
structures that are not uses/reduced in size -
vestigial structure
165
two populations are separated & cannot interbreed
geographical isolation
166
process that creates new cells
cell division
