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EXAMS 2 > bronder BIO > Flashcards

bronder BIO Flashcards

1
Q

it is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical cells -

A

mitosis

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2
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

during growth
healing injuries
asexual reproduction

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3
Q

thread like structures found in the nucleus

A

chromosomes

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4
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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5
Q

whats in “G1” -

A

cell growth

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6
Q

what is in “S” =

A

Dna replication

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7
Q

what happens in “G2” =

A

preparation for mitosis

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8
Q

what happens in “M” =

A

cell division

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9
Q

what are the six phases in mitosis =

A 
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
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10
Q

G1, S, and G2 (sometimes refereed to as F)

A

interphase

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11
Q

where the centrioles appear, nucleus dissappears, spindle fibers appear -

A

prophase

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12
Q

where chromosomes line up in the middle =

A

metaphase

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13
Q

where chromosomes get seperated by the spindle fibers pulling them apart

A

anaphase

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14
Q

its the opposite of interphase, where the nucleus appears =

A

telophase

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15
Q

division of the cytoplasm =

A

cytokinesis

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16
Q

its the cell division in which the # of chromosomes are cut in half

A

meiosis

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17
Q

there are how many divisions in meiosis -

A

two

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18
Q

it requires two parent cells each contributing half of the chromosomes found in the offspring -

A

sexual reproduction

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19
Q

half the # of chromosomes =

A

haploid

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20
Q

23 =

A

haploid

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21
Q

46 =

A

diploid

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22
Q

the normal amount of chromosomes =

A

diploid

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23
Q

a cell that is formed in union of sperm and egg

A

zygotte

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24
Q

any cell that isn’t a gamete =

A

somatic cells

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25
Q

chromosomes that occur in pairs and contain similar genes =

A

homologous chromosomes

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26
Q

pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

synapsis

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27
Q

exchange of a portion of a chromatid between homologous chromosomes =

A

crossing overr

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28
Q

group of two chromosomes each w/ two chromatids , four chromosomes total =

A

tetrad

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29
Q

what are the 8 stages in meiosis =

A 
prophase 1
metaphase 1
anaphase 1
telophase 1
prophase 2
metaphase 2
anaphase 2
telophase 2
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30
Q

where the chromosomes duplicate and coil up

A

prophase 1

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31
Q

where paired chromosomes line up in the middle =

A

metaphase 1

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32
Q

chromosomes move to opposite poles -

A

anaphase 1

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33
Q

where the cell divides to form two cells =

A

telophase 1

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34
Q

where the individual chromosomes are visible =

A

prrophase 2

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35
Q

where the chromatids seperate and move to opppsite poles -

A

anaphase 2

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36
Q

where the cytoplasm divides resulting in 4 gametes or haploid cells =

A

telophase 2

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37
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

most cells

A

mitosis

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38
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

outcome if 4 gametes or haploid cells

A

meiosis

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39
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

paired homologous chromosomes in synapsis and crossing over =

A

meiosis

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40
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

no paired homologous chromosomes =

A

mitosis

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41
Q

chromosomes #’s are the same

mitosis or meiosis ?

A

mitosis

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42
Q

has two divisions

mitosis or meiosis ?

A

meiosis

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43
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

one division

A

mitosis

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44
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

daughter cell is identical to parent

A

mitosis

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45
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

daughter cells contain varying chromosomes arrangements

A

meiosis

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46
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

happens during growth, healing injuries, asexual reproduction =

A

mitosis

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47
Q

mitosis or meiosis ?

happens during sexual reproduction =

A

meiosis

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48
Q

what does DNA stand for -

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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49
Q

they are chemical that make up proteins =

A

nucleic acids

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50
Q

they make up everything =

A

proteins

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51
Q

where is DNA located?

A

in the nucleus

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52
Q

DNA carries the _______________ __________ to make proteins =

A

heredity code

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53
Q

what is the structure of DNA -

A

a double helix

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54
Q

who determined the structure of DNA -

A

watson and crick

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55
Q

it is a segment of DNA that controls protein production

A

gene

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56
Q

the ability DNA has to make an exact copy of itself -

A

replication

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57
Q

bases, phosphates, and deoxyribose are found in the ___________ -

A

nucleus

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58
Q

during replication, DNA _________

A

unzips

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59
Q

the enzyme responsible for the unzipping -

A

helicase

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60
Q

they are the basic unit of DNA -

A

nucleotides

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61
Q

what are the four nitrogen bases -

A

adenine, thymine

guanine, cytosine

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62
Q

what are the four bases all held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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63
Q

what does RNA stand for ?

A

Ribonucleic acids

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64
Q

RNA is ___________ stranded.

A

single

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65
Q

Just like DNA, RNA contain the four bases, except one is changed. what is it?

A

thymine - uracil

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66
Q

what are the 3 types of RNA -

A

mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer
rRNA - ribosomal

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67
Q

the process of forming RNA from DNA -

A

transcription

68
Q

DNA stores what?

A

information

69
Q

a group of three bases on mRNA tthat codes for an amino acids -

A

codon

70
Q

the formation of protein molecule from mRNA -

A

translation

71
Q

which type of RNA carries the amino acids to the mRNA at the ribosome -

A

tRNA

72
Q

which type of RNA attaches to a ribosome

A

mRNA

73
Q

its a set of 3 bases on tRNA that compliments a codon on the mRNA-

A

anticodon

74
Q

what type of bond is formed between the amino acids -

A

peptide bond

75
Q

two or more elements bonded together -

A

compound

76
Q

a compound that has carbon; living/was once a live -

A

organic

77
Q

a compound that has no carbon; not living/ never has lived -

A

inorganic

78
Q

its the body’s main source of energy and commonly called sugar or starch -

A

carbohydrates

79
Q

mono means …

A

one

80
Q

saccharide means…

A

sugar

81
Q

-di means …

A

two

82
Q

poly means…

A

many

83
Q

what are the three parts of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

84
Q

its putting compounds together by taking out water

A

dehydration synthesis

85
Q

which of the four compounds store energy, insulates, and protets -

A

lipids

86
Q

their building blocks are triglycerides -

A

lipids

87
Q

what compound has the function of builds up cells/tissues, controls rate of the chemical reactions, and helps fight disease -

A

proteins

88
Q

what are proteins building block?

A

amino acids

89
Q

its a special type of covalent bond found between the amino acids in a protein -

A

pepide bond

90
Q

they are the heredity material found in cells -

A

nucleic acids

91
Q

what are nucleic acids building blocks -

A

nucleotides

92
Q

it means cell fuel -

A

ATP

93
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

94
Q

where is energy stored?

A

in the bonds

95
Q

what are the two energy makers?

A

Mitchondria and chloroplasts

96
Q

its where some autotrophs make food by using inorganic molecules as an energy source -

A

chemosynthesis

97
Q

photosynthesis is a type of _______________

A

chemosynthesis

98
Q

its the process by which most autotrophs make food by using light from the sun -

A

photosynthesis

99
Q

CO2 + H2O + light + C6H12O6 + O2

what equation if this for?

A

photosyntthesis

100
Q

its the green pigment found in the chloroplasts that absorbs light energy

A

chlorophyll

101
Q

its where light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the grana of the chloroplasts -

A

light dependent reaction

102
Q

Where is ATP produced?

A

in light dependent reaction

103
Q

where does light dependent reactions happen?

A

in the grana

104
Q

where does light independent reactions happen?

A

in the stroma

105
Q

where is ATP used?

A

in the light independent reactions

106
Q

what are some factors that affect photosynthesis -

A

temperature
amount of water
light intensity

107
Q

its the chemical breakdown of glucose to provide energy -

A

cellular respirtation

108
Q

C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H2O + ATP

what equation does this represent?

A

cellular respirtaion

109
Q

its where the sugar is breaking -

A

glycolsis

110
Q

what is the first stage of respiration?

A

glycolysis

111
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm

112
Q

its cellular respiration without the use of oxygen; it breakdown glucose to make ATP

A

fermentation

113
Q

it makes ethanol and CO2

A

alcoholic

114
Q

examples: exercise, sour milk, pickles, cheese

A

latic acid

115
Q

it uses oxygen to break down glucose to produce 36 ATP -

A

aerobic resiration

116
Q

who studied heredity -

A

mendel

117
Q

Mendel crossed tall and short, what was the offspring?

A

tall

118
Q

its the genetic makeup -

A

genotyype

119
Q

its the physical appearance -

A

phenotype

120
Q

What is the rule of unit factors -

A

each organism has 2 factors tht controls its traits

genes on a chromosome

121
Q

whatt is the rule of dominance -

A

dominant

recessive

122
Q

its the observed trait -

A

dominant

123
Q

its the unobserved trait -

A

recessive

124
Q

its during meiosis where each gamete gives one allele-

A

law of segregation

125
Q

its where the organisms alleles are identical -

A

homozygous

126
Q

its where there are one of each allele -

A

herterozyous

127
Q

its also called blending inheritance -

A

incomplete dominance

128
Q

where the results are spots or speckles -

A

codominance

129
Q

its a cross that shows the possible offspring of two traits -

A

dihybrid cross

130
Q

its a chart that shows relationships within a family and how the traits and transmitted through generations -

A

pedigrees

131
Q

circles represen …

A

females

132
Q

squares represent…

A

males

133
Q

if most males have the disorder then its …

A

sex-linked

134
Q

if its a 50/50 ratio of both male and females then it would be …

A

autosomal

135
Q

they are traits for which there are more than two forms of a particular gene -

A

multiple alleles

136
Q

what are the four blood types

A

Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O

137
Q

its a change over time

A

evoluttion

138
Q

its a well supported testable explanation of a phenomena that has occured in a natural world -

A

scientific theory

139
Q

the percentage of a specific allele

A

allelic frequency

140
Q

a new population in equilibrium is not evolving because the frequency of alleles is not changing –

A

genetic equilibrium

141
Q

its all of the genes

A

gene pool

142
Q

the environmental factor that changes genes

A

mutations

143
Q

an allele and the # of times it appears in the gene pool

A

relative frquency

144
Q

its the random changes in an allele frequency that occurs in small populations -

A

genetic drift

145
Q

its the transport of genes by migrating individuals

A

gene flow

146
Q

an abnormal amount of chromosomes -

A

polyploidy

147
Q

he said on the HMS beagle …

A

Darwin

148
Q

they were geologists that proved the earth was a lot older -

A

hutton and lyell

149
Q

he predicted humans would slowly grow faster than the resources would ….

A

Malthus

150
Q

he was the first scientist to realize organisms change over time in their life time…

A

Lamarck

151
Q

he independently came up w/ the hypothesis stating evolution by natural selection

A

Wallace

152
Q

its where many more offspring are produced can possibly survive to adulthood -

A

over reproduction

153
Q

its between members of the same population for resources, shelter, food -

A

competition

154
Q

the slight differences between members of the same species -

A

variation

155
Q

those individuals that have variations tht are an advantage are most likely to survive -

A

survival of the fittest

156
Q

its an inhabited trait that makes it more able to survive

A

adaptation

157
Q

only organisms that live long enough to reproduce can pass on their genes -

A

reproduction

158
Q

the development of a new species over a long period of timee -

A

speciation

159
Q

best adapted offspring reproduce and survive

A

natural selection

160
Q

they change over time (f) -

A

fossils

161
Q

its the most reliable source of proof for evolution

A

biochemistry

162
Q

embryos are very similar suggesting a common ancestor -

A

embryology

163
Q

they are similar structures that indicate a common ancestor

A

homologous structure

164
Q

structures that are not uses/reduced in size -

A

vestigial structure

165
Q

two populations are separated & cannot interbreed

A

geographical isolation

166
Q

process that creates new cells

A

cell division

EXAMS 2 (7 decks)

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