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A Level History > BRITAIN WSPU 1903-14 PART 1 > Flashcards

BRITAIN WSPU 1903-14 PART 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the NUWSS established?

A

1897

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2
Q

Who led the NUWSS?

A

Millicent Fawcett

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3
Q

What did the NUWSS avoid with its campaigning?

A

Outdoor meetings; public appeals; by-election interfering

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4
Q

Why was there a growing consensus in the early 1900s that female suffrage would eventually be received?

A

Rise of the Independent Labour Party; Irish Home Rule movement

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5
Q

When was the WSPU formed?

A

1903

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6
Q

What is the time period in which most historians agree that the WSPU reinvigorated the cause of women’s suffrage?

A

1903-08

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7
Q

What is the time period in which historians are divided about the impact of the WSPU’s violence on the women’s movement?

A

1909-14

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8
Q

Who established the WSPU?

A

Emmeline Pankhurst

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9
Q

What was the initial membership of the WSPU like?

A

Small group of working-class women, mostly wives of ILP supporters

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10
Q

How many members did the WSPU consist of in the summer of 1905?

A

30

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11
Q

What was the WSPU’s motto?

A

‘Deeds, not words’

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12
Q

Why did the Pankhursts believe that a political movement was called for that would challenge the government?

A

Even a parliament of pro-women MPs would not enfranchise women

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13
Q

What were the moderate militant tactics did the WSPU initially decide to adopt?

A

Meeting disruptions; demonstrations; heckling

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14
Q

How was the militancy campaign of the WSPU initiated?

A

Christabel disrupted a speech by Sir Edward Grey at a public meeting

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15
Q

Who was Christabel accompanied by when she interrupted a speech for the first time?

A

Fellow WSPU member Annie Kenney

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16
Q

When did the WSPU decide to adopt moderate militant tactics?

A

1905

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17
Q

Which WSPU member made the decision to adopt moderate militant tactics?

A

Christabel

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18
Q

What did suffragette militancy take inspiration from?

A

Irish Home Rule movement

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19
Q

Who led the Irish Home Rule movement?

A

Charles Parnell

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20
Q

What approach had Parnell taken to promoting Irish Home Rule?

A

Didn’t target individual MPs but put pressure on the government

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21
Q

How had Parnell approached Liberal candidates?

A

Opposed all of them, even those in favour of Home Rule

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22
Q

When did the militant action of the WSPU increased?

A

1906-07

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23
Q

What is an example of the increased militancy of the suffragettes?

A

Chained themselves to the railings on Downing Street and to statues in the House of Commons’ lobby

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24
Q

When did a WSPU group break into the lobby of the HoC?

A

25 October 1906

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25
Q

How many suffragettes were arrested for breaking into the lobby of the HoC?

A

10

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26
Q

How was Christabel punished for interrupting the meeting of Sir Edward Grey?

A

Imprisoned

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27
Q

What was a powerful tool for the WSPU for creating sympathy with middle and upper class audiences?

A

Notion of socially elite women in jail as unjustly punished victims of a male-controlled state

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28
Q

Who is an example of a socially elite woman whose arrested caused public outrage?

A

Mrs Cobden Sanderson, daughter of renowned reform politician Richard Cobden

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29
Q

What did public outrage about the notion of socially elite women in jail expose?

A

Class divides

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30
Q

How did WSPU militancy help the NUWSS to build up its membership?

A

Won publicity for the women’s suffrage campaign

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31
Q

When did the NUWSS organise its own mass meeting?

A

1907

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32
Q

What did the NUWSS’ mass meeting become known as?

A

‘Mud March’

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33
Q

How many NUWSS supporters assembled at its mass meeting?

A

3000

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34
Q

When did the WSPU hold the first ‘Women’s Parliament’?

A

February 1907

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35
Q

What encourage the WSPU to move towards more violent forms of militancy?

A

Huge 1908 Hyde Park meeting failed to influence the government at all

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36
Q

Who won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election?

A

Liberal Party

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37
Q

What was the Liberal government most concerned with in 1908?

A

Radical social welfare reforms; Conservative-controlled HoL; Irish Home Rule; worsening national trade balance

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38
Q

When did Asquith replace Campbell-Bannerman as PM?

A

April 1908

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39
Q

How many women met at the mass Hyde Park meeting in June 1908?

A

250,000-500,000

40
Q

When did the WSPU’s violent militancy begin?

A

Autumn of 1908

41
Q

What did Christabel direct in response to Asquith’s refusal to acknowledge the mass support at the Hyde Park meeting?

A

Mass campaign of window-breaking

42
Q

How long was Christabel sent to prison for window-breaking?

A

2 months

43
Q

Why did the suffragettes adopt a campaign of violent militancy?

A

To convince the government and the public that orderly daily life could not continue while women were excluded from politics

44
Q

Who became a popular target for much of the suffragette’s violent militancy?

A

Asquith

45
Q

How was the PM targeted as part of the WSPU’s violent militancy?

A

Assaulted on a golf course and slates were thrown at his car

46
Q

Why was Asquith sceptical about female suffrage?

A

Reasoned that representation within parliament was not a universal right, noting that children were not included

47
Q

What did Asquith state that it would take for him to consider the question of female suffrage?

A

A clear demonstration that there was sufficient demand in the country

48
Q

When did the WSPU begin its hunger strikes?

A

June 1909

49
Q

What undermined the propaganda effect of the force-feedings?

A

Temporary Discharge for the Ill-Health Act 1913

50
Q

What was the Temporary Discharge for the Ill-Health Act more commonly referred to as?

A

Cat-and-Mouse Act

51
Q

When was the most notorious act of suffragette militancy?

A

‘Black Friday’ 18 November 1910

52
Q

Who did Emmeline declare was the enemy after ‘Black Friday’?

A

Liberal Party

53
Q

How did the WSPU change its tactics after ‘Black Friday’?

A

Tried to avoid street protests, favouring acts of property destruction

54
Q

When did suffragette militancy become even more extreme?

A

1911

55
Q

What tactics did the WSPU use in 1912?

A

Targeted artworks; set fire to pillar boxes; continued its relentless programme of window smashing

56
Q

When was the suffragette campaign at its most militant?

A

1913

57
Q

What are examples of the suffragette militancy in 1913?

A

13 paintings in Manchester Art Gallery were hacked apart; streetlights, golf greens and train carriages were damaged

58
Q

When did the NUWSS begin campaigning for women’s suffrage?

A

1897

59
Q

Which ex-WSPU member believed that suffragette militancy was purely for publicity?

A

Teresa Billington-Greig

60
Q

Why did the WSPU believe that violence was the only way forward for the campaign?

A

Government had refused to act in response to peaceful protest of 1905-08

61
Q

When were the NUWSS and WSPU essentially wigs of the same movement?

A

1903-09

62
Q

When was growth of the fame suffrage movement slow?

A

1903-05

63
Q

How did the WSPU grow after they began using militant tactics?

A

3 branches in 1906 to 122 branches by 1911

64
Q

When did membership of the WSPU expand massively?

A

1906-10

65
Q

Why is it hard to gauge how many women participated in the WSPU?

A

It did not maintain formal membership

66
Q

When did Annie Kenney join the WSPU?

A

1905

67
Q

Why was Kenney an important addition to the WSPU?

A

Added a much needed working class element to the WSPU’s leadership

68
Q

When did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband join the WSPU?

A

1906

69
Q

Why were Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence and her husband an important addition to the WSPU?

A

Added much financial and organisation skill

70
Q

What did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence become in the WSPU?

A

Treasurer

71
Q

What did Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence’s husband do for the WSPU?

A

Organised its staff; established its newspaper, ‘Votes for Women’

72
Q

What was the WSPU’s leadership organised into by 1906?

A

Unelected Central Committee

73
Q

Who was the secretary of the WSPU in 1906?

A

Sylvia Pankhurst

74
Q

What body assisted the WSPU’s Central Committee in 1906?

A

Subcommittee- made up mainly of friends and family of the Pankhursts

75
Q

What did the WSPU’s Central Committee do?

A

Controlled all WSPU publications, finances and paid appointments

76
Q

How many WSPU branches were there in London in 1911?

A

64

77
Q

How many WSPU branches were there elsewhere in England in 1911?

A

58

78
Q

Which regional WSPU branch clashed with the London WSPU?

A

Liverpool- very working-class organisation

79
Q

What was the membership of the WSPU like in 1903?

A

Mainly northern working-class women, with connections to the ILP

80
Q

Why did Christabel move the WSPU’s base from Manchester to London?

A

Increasing disillusionment with ILP; secure popular support outside of Manchester

81
Q

Why Adela Pankhurst encouraged by her mother to emigrate to Australia?

A

She held alienating socialist views

82
Q

Why did the WSPU perpetually struggle to secure the support of working-class men?

A

Many in Labour feared women would vote Conservative/Liberal; women’s admission to workplace would drive wages down

83
Q

When did the Labour Party reject women’s suffrage?

A

1907

84
Q

When did the NUWSS grow rapidly?

A

1902-06- increased from 17 to 31 branches

85
Q

What is an example of the NUWSS, rather than the WSPU, putting in the political leg work for the movement?

A

Made sure the 1906 Liberal government included a majority of sympathetic members

86
Q

Which organisation also orchestrated militant acts throughout the 1900s?

A

Women’s Freedom League (WFL)

87
Q

Which organisation had Emmeline been involved with before the WSPU?

A

Women’s Franchise League

88
Q

What made Emmeline an effective leader?

A

Magnetic; influential speaker; unique POV

89
Q

Why was Christabel a heroic figure for many?

A

Dazzlingly clever; strong-willed; attractive

90
Q

How many churches were attacked between 1913-14 for the CoE’s prejudices against women?

A

50

91
Q

What were Emmeline and Christabel eager to run the WSPU like?

A

An army

92
Q

How many splits took place in the WSPU?

A

7

93
Q

When did 1/5 of the WSPU’s members leave to forge a more working-class, pro-Labour movement?

A

1907

94
Q

When were the Pethick-Lawrences banned from the WSPU?

A

1912

95
Q

Who led the WSPU split of 1907?

A

Charlotte Despard and Teresa Billington-Greig

96
Q

Why did the 1907 split occur?

A

Billington-Greig had drafted a constitution at the WSPU’s annual conference, attempting to make the WSPU more democratic

A Level History (34 decks)

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