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History A-Level > Britain- Wartime > Flashcards

Britain- Wartime Flashcards

1
Q

What were the initial expectations of WW1?

A
  • Over quickly
  • Naval based
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2
Q

How did attitudes shift as WW1 went on?

A

Initially was blind patriotism but turned into determination to endure the sacrifice ans see it through.

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3
Q

How did life change for people in Britain?

A
  • More state control
  • therefore more focus on wellfare
  • higher taxes
  • women in more skilled jobs and later army
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4
Q

What statistic shows a growth in the workforce during WW1

A

Trade union membership doubled

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5
Q

How did the Labour party benefit from WW1?

A
  • the coalition gave them experience in government
  • the growing workforce (with trade union membership doubling) brought more support for them in
  • the split and decline of the Liberal party created an opening for a new opposition
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6
Q

What caused greater dislike of Germany by the British public in Belgium?

A
  • preemtive arrests, executions without trial
  • executions of Francs-tireurs often without trial
  • unusually severe and harsh occupation
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7
Q

What previous wars had led people to assume that WW1 would be short?

A

1850s Crimean war
1905 Russo-Japanese war

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8
Q

When had Britain last taken part in a World War before World War 1?

A

Napoleonic wars

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9
Q

What were ‘pals’ batallions?

A

Groups of friends that would sign up for war together resulting in whole areas/ villages loosing men and mass mourning

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10
Q

How were attitudes to WW1 meant to heal divides within Britain?

A
  • suffragettes stopping violence
  • Irish protestants and catholics going to war together
  • end of strikes as workers put their efforts into the war
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11
Q

What groups were opposed to war?

A
  • some socialists
  • quakers
  • Labour leader Ramsay MacDonald
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12
Q

Who was the Labour leader that opposed war? What happened to them?

A

Ramsay MacDonald
-lost their position

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13
Q

Example of a war poet who opposed the glorification of WW1

A

Wilfred Owen

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14
Q

How many British died in WW1?

A

704,201
1.5 million wounded

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15
Q

When was the Ministry for Munitions established?

A

1915

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16
Q

When was the Defence of the Realm act passed and what did it do?

A

1914

  • greater government control
  • railways and mines taken over
  • restrictions on alcohol and pub opening hours
  • blackouts introduced in case of air raids
  • land use was regulated
  • censorship of press
  • improved conditions in munition factories and direct collaboration with trade unions
  • government propaganda to encourage the war effort
17
Q

When was there a particular food shortage and why during WW1?

A

1917

  • conscription starting in 1916 had meant that many farm workers had left to work on the farms- therefore they were under staffed
  • many boats had been sunk in the Atlantic by German U-boats
18
Q

How many children were removed from school to help the war effort between 1914 and 1917?

A

600,000

19
Q

Which historian has shown the death toll of WW1 and the reasoning for it?

A

J.M. Winter-
the casualties of the war fell disproportionately on the healthier and wealther part of the population, whereas the poorer were too unhealthy to go to war and therefore had fewer casualties.

20
Q

What were the positive consequences of WW1 for working men

A
  • Demand in factories causes wages to rise while prices remained stable
  • Government controlled how high rents could be
  • Average family sizes decreased so there were less mouths to feed
  • Factory canteens were subsidised by the government to make sure the food was more affordable
  • Control of alcohol and pubs meant less money was being wasted on it
  • 1918 study by Lord Sumner showed that since 1914 there had been evidence of people maintaining their calorie intake or even increasing it
21
Q

What were the negative consequences of WW1 on working men

A
  • longer hours in factories and consequently more lung diseases
  • houses were often run down due to lack of labour force as a result of the war
  • spending on food rose by 60% to £2 a week
  • lower farm production due to shortage of men
  • rationing introduced in 1918 made shopping difficult
22
Q

What was the difference for skilled vs unskilled workers?

A

Unskilled workers saw an increase in pay while skilled saw less of an increase

23
Q

How did the workforce expand and encourage production in WW1

A
  • women went into work
  • the army needed amunition and munition workers were asked to work over time and not take holidays
  • factories allowed younger workers who were below the age of military service
  • government introduced bonuses
  • minimum agricultural wage was introduced
24
Q

What were some key payments made by the state for family welfare?

A
  • separation payments to families with those on active service (1917) 23s for single women with children
  • widows’ pensions were started at 13s
  • disability allowences for those too wounded to go back to war or work
  • pensioners could take pensions out while working
  • school meals for the poor were extended to year round instead of term time
  • Ministry of Munitions subsidised nurseries for working mothers
  • National insurance extended in 1916 to war workers
  • More midwives and healthcare checks
25
Q

How many workplace canteens were there by 1918 and how many people did they feed?

A

900 workplace canteens feeding a million workers

26
Q

What happened to infant mortality rates in WW1

A

between 1916 and 1917 there was the lowest infant mortality rate ever recorded for the time

27
Q

What was in the 1918 Education Act?

A

Introducing school fields and sports facilities to improve childrens’ health

28
Q

What charity movements expanded in WW1?

A
  • YMCA
  • Scouts
29
Q

How many people volunteered as constables?

A

30,000

30
Q

What was a key volunteer group in WW2?

A

Home Guard (Dad’s Army)

31
Q

What reflected worker discontent through the duration of the war

A

strikes doubled during the second half of the war

32
Q

How much did income tax increase by between 1914-1918

A

Quadrupled

History A-Level (19 decks)

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