Britain thematic study Flashcards
1
Q
why did Charles dissolve parliament?
A
they opposed his treatment of the Duke of Buckingahm
2
Q
when did James VI become king?
A
1603
3
Q
significance of ship tax
A
introduced in 1637. John Hampden refused to pay which publicised opposition.
4
Q
religious tension with charles
A
he married a catholic- Henrietta Maria
5
Q
When was Laud appointed?
A
1633
6
Q
opposition against Laud
A
Prynn, Bastwick, Burton
7
Q
How did Charles cause religious conflict with the Sots?
A
they had their own Presbyterian church. in 1637 he forced them to accept the Laudian prayer book. in 1638 they signed a covenant and in 1639, defeated his army.
8
Q
explain what happened with the short parliament
A
the Scots invaded England. in 1640 he needed money to defeat them. he reconvened parliament but would not agree to their conditions.
9
Q
what were the short parliament’s conditions?
A
no decisions without them
no raising unpopular taxes
stop Laud
10
Q
significance of Thomas Wentworth
A
he was the earl of Strafford sent to Ireland to prevent rebellions. he returned in 1640 which lead to a Catholic uprising.
11
Q
when did Charles call the second parliament?
A
November 1640.
12
Q
what marked the start of the English civil war?
A
in 1642, Charles marched into parliament to arrest the 5 leaders of the opposition.
13
Q
first battle of the English Civil War
A
Battle of Edgehill 1642
14
Q
New Model Army leaders
A
Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax
15
Q
first battle with the New Model Army
A
the Battle of Naseby, 1645. they had 14000 men and the king had 9000.
16
Q
successes of the New Model Army
A
in 1646 they captured Bristol and Oxford
17
Q
what caused the Second (English) civil war?
A
Charles was captured by the Scots in 1647. he negotiated with parliament while convincing the Scots to fight against the New Model Army. they fought at the Battle of Preston in 1648.
18
Q
what was the Rump Parliament?
A
in 1648 Thomas pride did not let any supporters of the king into parliament.
19
Q
when was Charles found guilty?
A
27 January 1649.
20
Q
4 causes of the American revolution
A
by 1775, the population was 2.5 million
they were forced to pay taxes, including the 1765 stamp tax
made deals with the Indigenous Americans without consultation
no taxation without representation
21
Q
were they justified in killing him?
A
defeat was a sign from God
taxes
society became more tolerant
Jews were invited back
22
Q
positive views on Cromwell
A
won war against the Dutch and Spanish
restored England’s reputation
Navigation act
religious tolerance
23
Q
negative views on Cromwell
A
appointed generals over 11 districts
Levellers imprisoned
massacred Drogheda
24
Q
conclusion of the English civil war
A
Cromwell dies in 1658. Richard ruled until 1659. in 1660, Charles II became king.
25
Boston Massacre
1770. anti-British colonists threw snowballs at the soldiers. killed by soldiers.
26
Lexington Incident
1775. British army tried to seize gunpowder. fought by 20 000 minutemen.
27
when was the declaration of independence signed?
1776 in Philadelphia
28
what happened at the Battle of Yorktown?
1781. Cornwallis moved his soldiers to a peninsula. Washington attacked with French support from the sea.
29
consequences of the American Revolution for America
many moved to Canada
own system of government
inequality
30
consequences of the American Revolution for Britain
worse relationships with France
Australia and New Zealand used as penal colonies
trade with America
increased colonisation
31
consequences of American Revolution for the world
French revolution against Louis XVI
32
4 problems with the vote
rotten boroughs sent 2 MPs eg. Old Sarum
pocket boroughs were controlled by the wealthy
no secret ballot
potwalloper boroughs
33
Peterloo massacre
1819. 60 000 people met in St Peter's fields to hear Henry Hunt. the local militia was called. 15 people were killed, 600 wounded.
the 6 Acts: meetings with more than 50 people was treason
34
Thomas Attwood relevance
in 1829 he formed the BPU/. they sent a petition of 8000 signatures to parliament it was rejected.
35
political change leading to the Great Reform Act
in 1830 the Whigs took over under Earl Grey. King George IV died replaced by William IV. Gray tried to pass a reform 3 times but prevented by the House of Lords. he asked the king to appoint 2 Whig lords. out of fear, they passed the great Reform Act in 1832.
36
6 effects of the Great reform Act
```
rotten boroughs
industrialists gained more representation
voters had to own property worth £10
still no secret ballot
yearly wage was only £50
only 1 in 7 men could vote
```
37
when was the poor law?
1834
38
who started Chartism and when?
William Lovett in 1836. in 1839 was the Chartist convention in Birmingham.
39
Chartism aims
```
votes for all men
equal sized constituencies
voting in secret
wages for MP
no property qualifications
yearly elections
```
40
when were all the chartist petitions?
1839
1842
1848
41
what happened in Wales after the 1839 petition?
Chartists in South Wales marched to Newport. they planned to release leaders form prison but guards killed 22 of them.
42
who became the leader of the Chartists in 1842?
Feargus O'Connor
43
other beliefs of Chartism
education, temperance, trade unions
o'connorvilles
Northern Star
44
what happened with the third Chartist convention?
10 April 1848.
50 000 chartists met at kennington common. the Duke of kennington had 65 000 constables. O'connor took the petition with 2 million signatures to London. it was not accepted.
45
why did Chartism fail?
parliamentary opposition
standard of living increased during the 1850s
divided leadership
too many fringe groups
46
chartist success
5/6 aims by 1928
47
what were the corn laws?
1815. kept cheap foreign grain out of England so that UK landowners would keep making money.
48
who led the Anti-corn law league?
Richard Cobden and John Bright
49
methods of the anti-corn law league
public speaking, pamphlets, new technology
50
5 arguments against the corn laws
```
laws were unfair to the poor
cheap bread lowers cost of living
people would be able to buy meat
money for industrial goods
countries could export to Britain
```
51
why did Peel repeal the corn laws?
by 1846 millions were dying in Ireland. crop failure meant more suffering would follow.
52
why did opposition against slavery increase?
1/3 died transatlantic
life expectancy was 27
factory reform- workers called 'white slaves'
christian ideals
53
anti-slavery petition
1782. 1/4 of Manchester signed it
54
slave trade act
1807 Abolition of Slave Trade act made it illegal to buy new slaves.
55
name 4 abolitionist
```
William Wilberforce
Olaudah Equiano
Thomas Clarkson
Granville Sharp
Hannah More
```
56
how did Haiti became independent?
1665. Maroons escaped to live in the mountains. the British negotiated with them. this was impossible after the French revolution. the slaves of St. Dominique rebelled and killed their owners. Toussant L'Ouverture led them. slavery was abolished in 1804.
57
when was slave ownership banned?
1833
58
why did Wilberforce face criticism?
the 1833 only immediately freed those under the age of 6. everyone else was put into categories and promised freedom over4 years.
59
MP who exposed child mistreatment
Michael Sadler. he suggested under 18s should not work for more than 10 hours.
60
who was Lord Shaftesbury?
campaigned for factory reform in all industries
61
when and what was the factory act?
1833
all factories except silk
no children under 9
under 13 had to attend school for 2 hours weekly
62
when and what was the mines act
1842
women and children could not work underground
no child under 15 in charge of winding machines
63
why were people against factory reform?
laissez-faire politics
| people poor because of own choices
64
who was Robert owen?
socialist
| introduced the 8 hour work day
65
Edwin Chadwick
lawyer influential in the poor law amendment act
66
elizabeth fry
prison reform
67
Josephine Butler
child prostitution, raised age of consent to 16, repeal of the Contagious Disease Act
68
Luddites
broke machinery
69
Swing Rioters
set farms on fire
70
When and what was the combinations act?
1825. limited trade union meetings to conditions and wages.
71
Robert Owen organisation
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union in 1834
72
why did GNCTU fail?
factory workers and mine workers had different issues
73
1837 strike
Scottish friendly association of Cotton Spinners
74
how did new model unions begin?
1851 Amalgamated Society of Engineers
75
what unions followed the ASE?
1860: carpenters
1866: tailors
76
success of ASE numbers
33 000 members by 1868
77
who led the Tolpuddle martyrs?
George Loveless
78
when was Loveless arrested?
1834
79
how did the GNCTU help the Tolpuddle Martyrs?
10 000 gathered including William Cobbett and Owen and Copenhagen fields.
80
Tolpuddle martyrs freedom
14 March 1836
81
New Unionism vs New Model Unions
New Unionism was for unskilled workers
82
when and why was the match factory strike?
women made matches at the Bryant and May factory. they were paid 20p. in 1882, money was deducted to build of PM William Gladstone. they striked in 1888.
83
Annie Besant significance
she wrote 'White slaves of London' and called for a boycott. one woman refused to deny Besant's claims and 1400 followed.
84
What did Besant do?
ask for higher wages
wrote articles
public meetings
marched into House of Parliament
85
why did the dockers' strike
wanted a raise from 5p to 6p an hour
| regular hours
86
who led the dockers
Ben Tillet
87
support for the dockers
£30 000 from Australia
88
when was the Women's property Act?
1870
89
Who was Millicent Fawcett?
she formed the National Union of Women's Suffrage
90
who formed the NUWSS?
Millicent Fawcett
91
suffragists techniques
speeches
meetings
publications
92
When was WSPU formed and by who?
in 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Sylvia and Christabel formed the Women's social and political unions
93
Richard Pankhurst
Emmeline's husband
| won the Married Women's property act
94
when was the WFL formed?
1907
95
what was the WFL?
Women's Freedom League
96
what did the WFL do?
illegal action but it was non-violent
97
NUWSS pilgrimage
1912 the government refused to sign a petition. from Carlisle to London.
98
which PM supported the suffragists?
Henry Campbell-Bannerman.
99
suffragists methods
heckling
1912- stone throwing
arson
200 arrested- publicity
100
second time government failed to pass an act for women
1913
101
when was Emily Davison?
1913
102
when was the cat-and-mouse act?
the Prisoner's Act of 1913
103
which PM was against women in politics?
Henry Asquith
104
describe the impact of WW1 on the feminist groups
WSPU and NUWSS joined the war effort
WSPU were called 'angels of the factory'
WFL were pacifists
105
describe the impact of WWI on people's view of women
women could do the same jobs as men- factories, farms, nurses
level-headed decisions
women were intelligent
106
1918 voting act
Representation of the People Act
all men + women who owned property over 21
all women over 30
107
1969 act
Divorce Reform Act
108
the 1970s and the feminist movement
1970: Equal Pay Act
1975: Sex discrimination Act
109
what problems were faced by the mines after WWI?
during the war they were nationalised.
after, they became privatized and there was a fall in demand.
inefficient mines were closed and machinery was introduced.
foreign mines were more modern.
110
when did the miners first decide to strike?
Friday 15 April 1921
111
why did the miners decide to strike in 1921
longer work hours and lower wages
112
why did the first strike in 1921 fail?
the railway and dockers pulled out last minute. the Trade Union Congress had called for solidarity.
113
Baldwin's actions against the strike
in 1925, he knew they would strike and agreed to subsidize the mines. he set up the Samuels commission for relationships between owners and miners.
114
when and why did the General Strike begin?
3 May 1926. subsidy money ran out.
115
5 government actions in the General strike
```
Emergency Power Act
encouraged middle class students to work
propaganda with the British Gazette edited by Churchill
Baldwin made speeches about communism
armoured keys
```
116
TUC actions in the strike
```
newspaper the British Worker
peaceful strikes
clashes with the police
strikers travelled around
funds to help feed strikers
```
117
how did the General Strike end?
on the 12 May the TUC agreed to negotiate.
118
why did the miners fail in the strike?
ran out of money
public opinion against them
Labour party did not support them
119
consequences of the General strike (5)
forced to return in worse conditions
union membership fell
Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act of 1927: illegal for unions to join to strike.
could not use membership money to fund strikes
weakened unions
120
who was appointed as union leader after WW2?
Ernest Belvin
121
Trade Disputes and Trade unions cat amendment
1947
122
Empire Windrush docked
22 June 1948
123
which law allowed people from the Caribbean?
British Nationality Act 1948: all 800 million people from the commonwealth could come to England
124
where did TFL recruit workers from?
Barbados and Jamaica
125
crux of conflict with the Teddy Boys
Notting Hill Riots 1958. 400 white boys chased Caribbean population.
126
why did Malcolm X make an appearance?
showed his support in 1965 in Birmingham where a black man was prevented from renting property
127
what problems did immigrants face?
language barriers
overcrowding
employment
128
1962 immigrants act
Commonwealth Immigrants Act: work voucher
129
change from work vouchers
1968: only move to England if a relative lived there
130
what was Powellism?
enoch powell delivered his 'River of Blood' speech.
131
result of Powell
the National Front- fascist organisation with nazi sympathies
132
Race Relations Act
repair relationships
133
battle caused by the National Front
Battle of Lewisham- 1976
134
when and why were there riots in Brixton?
1976. Lewisham and economics.
135
policemen wrongdoings
sus law
Operation Swamp 81: regular clothes
more than 1000 people in 6 days
10 April 1981: riots which lasted 3 days due to the arrest of a young black man
136
racism report
by Lord Scarman. he said there was no institutional racism but definite prejudice.
SUS law ended. Police Complaint Authority founded.
137
proof of police racism
1993 Stephen Lawrence murdered. policemen did not respond appropriately.
