Britain: Health and the People c1000-Present

Question 1

when was germ theory

Answer 1

1861

Question 2

who were barber surgeons

Answer 2

medieval minor surgery/bloodletting based on experience

Question 3

what were some beliefs about medieval treatments?

Answer 3

miasma caused it
prayer most important
God sent illness as punishment

Question 4

between 1000-1500 how many hospitals were set up

Answer 4

700

Question 5

who was Rhazes (Al-Razi)?

Answer 5

islamic doc who told apart measles from small pox
wrote a book ‘doubts about Galen’

Question 6

how many books did Rhazes write

Answer 6

over 150

Question 7

who was Avicenna

Answer 7

wrote ‘canon of medicine’
listed 700+ diff drugs
relevant until 17th century

Question 8

who is Ibn al-Nafis

Answer 8

13th century called out Galen on the heart saying actually goes via lungs instead of liver- not accepted until 17th century

Question 9

what are four medieval surgical procedures

Answer 9

Bloodletting
Amputation
Trepanning
Cauterisation

Question 10

who was Abulcasis

Answer 10

Wrote 30-vol medical book in 1000
created 26 new surgical instruments/procedures
made cauterisation popular

Question 11

who was Hugh of Lucca

Answer 11

1267 criticised view of using pus in wound
used wine to reduce infection- clashed w Hippocratic advice..

Question 12

Who wrote ‘The Fabric of the human body’ in 1543?

Answer 12

Vesalius

Question 13

What time period was the middle ages?

Answer 13

1000-1450

Question 14

Who was john of arderne?

Answer 14

most famous medieval surgeon who wrote a surgical manual-Practica 1376- and used opium&henbane for pain and developed treatment for anal abscesses

Question 15

What are some examples of medieval treatments?

Answer 15

Trepanning
blood letting
cauterisation
amputation

Question 16

Where abouts did religion and Galen stop having a huge effect?

Answer 16

Industrial 1750-1900

Question 17

When was early modern period?

Answer 17

1450-1750

Question 18

When was the renaissance?

Answer 18

1400-1500

Question 19

Who were important people in the middle ages?

Answer 19

barber surgeons
Galen
Apothicaries

Question 20

What animals did Galen dissect?

Answer 20

pigs and apes

Question 21

What were the 4 humours

Answer 21

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile

Question 22

What season/ element were the 4 humours?

Answer 22

blood- spring/wind
phlegm- winter/water
yellow bile- summer/fire
black bile- autumn/earth

Question 23

In medieval, what was believed caused illness?

Answer 23

God’s punishment
miasma
unbalanced humours
stars/astrology

Question 24

How did the church hinder education and training?

Answer 24

Christians controlled the universities and taught physicians to read Galen
& God punishment led to not look into real cause

Question 25

Who proved Galen wrong-example?

Answer 25

Abu al-Qasin heart and blood flow but ignored by england

Question 26

Why was Robert Bacon arrested?

Answer 26

english monk who suggested that docs should do origial research

Question 27

What did Avicenna say was inportant when treating illness?

Answer 27

clean air and water

Question 28

What did abulcasis contribute to surgical knowledge?

Answer 28

produced a book describing complex operations and illustrations of 200+ surgery instruments

Question 29

Where was the first Islamic hospital built in AD805?

Answer 29

Bagdad

Question 30

How many times did Guy De Chauliac quote Galen in his textbook?

Answer 30

890

Question 31

What was a positive change John of Arderne contribute in medieval?

Answer 31

Treat anal abscesses - common in knights

Question 32

What % of survival rate successful in anal abscesses?

Answer 32

50%

Question 33

What was a continuity of anatomy in medieval?

Answer 33

believed body to be wrong if didn't fit Galen's description- dissections introducded in euro unis

Question 34

What did Mondino contribute to anatomy in medieval 1315

Answer 34

supervised a dissection and wrote a textbook on carrying out dissections

Question 35

What were privies

Answer 35

outside toilet

Question 36

what were cesspits

Answer 36

disposal of sewage pits

Question 37

who were gong farmers

Answer 37

dug out cess pits and privies for manure fertilizers

Question 38

what were lavatoriums

Answer 38

communal washing areas in monasteries

Question 39

Why were medieval towns gross?

Answer 39

crowded, dirty and no paved streets when it rained, cesspits and streets flood with waste no difference between clean water source and dirty

Question 40

what two businesses contributed to grossness in medieval towns?

Answer 40

tanneries(leather-making): dangerous chemicals butchers: dump blood and guts in river

Question 41

what did medieval town councils do to help public health?

Answer 41

nothing, they thought too expensive & didn't wanna raise taxes no understanding of disease