BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Flashcards
testing was instituted as a means of selecting who, of the many applicants, would obtain government
Chinese Civilization
tests were used to measure intelligence and physical skills
Greek Civilization
these universities relied on formal exams in conferring degrees and honors
European Universities
believed that despite our similarities, no two humans are exactly alike. Some of these individual differences are more “adaptive than
others and these differences lead to more complex, intelligent organisms over time
Charles Darwin
he established the testing movement; introduced the anthropometric records of students; pioneered the application of rating-scale and
questionnaire method, and the free association technique; he also pioneered the use of statistical methods for the analysis of psychological tests
Francis Galton
He used the Galton bar (visual discrimination length) and Galton whistle (determining the highest audible pitch). Moreover, he also noted that persons with mental retardation tend to have diminished ability to discriminate among heat, cold and pain
Francis Galton
Mathematical models of the mind; father of pedagogy as an academic discipline; went against Wundt
Johan Friedrich Herbart
sensory thresholds; just noticeable differences (JND
Ernst Heinrich Weber
mathematics of sensory thresholds of experience; founder of psychophysics; considered one of the founders of
experimental psychology; Weber-Fechner Law first to relate sensation and stimulus
Gustav Theodor Fechner
considered one of the founders of Psychology; first to setup a psychology laboratory
Wilhelm Wundt
succeeded Wundt; brought Structuralism to America; his brain is still on display in the psychology department at Cornell
Edward Titchner
pioneer of human ability testing; conducted seminars that changed the field of psychological testing
Guy Montrose Whipple
large contributor of factor analysis; approach to measurement was termed as the law of comparative judgment
Louis Leon Thurstone
provided the first accurate description of mental retardation as an entity separate from insanity
Jean Esquirol
pioneered modern educational methods for teaching people who are mentally retarded/intellectually disabled
Edouard Seguin
an American psychologist who coined the term “mental test
James McKeen Cattell
the father of IQ testing
Alfred Binet
introduced the concept of IQ as determined by the mental age and chronological age
Lewis M. Terman
introduced the two-factor theory of intelligence
Charles Spearman
required for performance on mental tests of all kinds
General ability or “g
required for performance on mental test of only one kind
Special abilities or “s
introduced the components of “g
Raymond Cattell
ability to see relationships as in analogies and letter and number series, also known as the primary reasoning ability which decreases with age
Fluid “g
acquired knowledge and skills which increases with age
Crystallized “g
theorized the “many factor intelligence theory, (6 types of operations X 5 types of contents X 6 types of products = 180 elementary abilities)
Guilford
introduced the hierarchical approach in “g
Vernon and Carroll
introduced the “3 g’s” (Academic g, Practical g, and Creative g)
Sternberg
conceptualized the multiple intelligences theory
Howard Gardner
translated the Binet-Simon test into French
Henry Goddard
pioneered the first group intelligence test known as the Army Alpha (for literate) and Army Beta (for functionally illiterate)
Robert Yerkes
introduced multiple choice and other “objective” item type of tests
Arthur S. Otis
devised the Personal Data Sheet, which aimed to identify soldiers who are at risk for shell shock
Robert S. Woodworth
(known as the first personality test)
Personal Data Sheet
slow rise of projective testing; Rorschach Inkblot Test
Herman Rorschach
Thematic Apperception Test
Henry Murray & Christina Morgan
What year when structure tests were being developed based on their better psychometric properties
Early 1940’s
16 Personality Factors
Raymond B. Cattell
Big 5 Personality Factors
McCrae & Costa
Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao or PUP
Virgilio Enriquez
Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino or PKP
Aurora R. Palacio
Panukat ng Pagkataong Pilipino or PPP
Anadaisy Carlota
Masaklaw na Panukad ng Loob or Mapa ng Loob
Gregorio E.H. Del Pilar
Philippine Thematic Apperception Test (PTAT
Alfredo Lagmay
the first to propose that intelligence was a single construct that underlies all cognitive abilities and skills
Spearman
Developed the CONCEPT of the normal curve
Abraham De Moivre
Extended and made a substantial contribution to the normal curve
Marquis De Caplace
Made some substantial contributions at the beginning of 19th century to the normal curve
Karl Frederick Gauss
Coined the NORMAL CURVE
Karl Pearson
For him, the most intelligent persons where those equipped with the best sensory abilities
Francis Galton
He devised many sensory motor and other perception related tests as a measure of intelligence
Francis Galton
The first person to publish on the heritability of intelligence
Francis Galton
He’s components of intelligence we’re reasoning, judgment, memory, and abstraction
Alfred Binet
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to a purposely, to think rationally, and do deal effectively with his environment
David Wechsler
Intelligence may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world
Jean Piaget
The three perspective on intelligence
Interactionism
Factor analysis theories
Information processing view
Perspective on intelligence wherein the complex concept by which heredity and environment are presumed to inherit and influence a development of one’s intelligence
Interactionism
Conceive of intelligence as composed of what he termed PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES
L.L. Thurstone
The focus of this perspective on intelligence is squarely on identifying the ability or groups of abilities deemed to constitute intelligence
Factor analytics theories
Intelligence is consist of two factors
Two factor theory of intelligence
G factor is inborn
S Factor is acquired through experience
Intelligence that decreases with age, these are nonverbal, relatively culture-free, and independent of specific instruction
Fluid intelligence
Intelligence that increases with age it include acquired skills and knowledge that are dependent on exposure to a particular culture as well as formal and informal education
Crystallized intelligence
It is a hierarchical model, all of the abilities listed in the stratum are subsume by or incorporated in the strata above
Three stratum theory of cognitive abilities by Carrol
The model was a product of efforts designed to improve the practice of psychological assessment in education bye identifying tests from different batteries that could be used to provide comprehensive assessment of a student’s abilities
CHC model by McGrew and Flanagan
Intelligence is composed of three clusters of ability:
Social intelligence - dealing with people
Concrete intelligence - dealing with objects
Abstract intelligence - dealing with verbal and mathematical symbols
E.L. Thorndike
Derived from the work of Alexandr Luria; focuses on the mechanisms by which information is process
Information processing view
Two basic types of information processing styles
Simultaneous (parallel) processing
Successive (sequential) processing
PASS Model
Planning
Attention
Simultaneous
Successive
identified three independent research traditions (psychometric, info-processing, & cognitive) that have been employed to study the nature of human intelligence
Sternberg
defined intelligence as the ability “to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered”
Gardner
defined intelligence as “mental activities involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one’s life”
Sternberg
intelligence is:
◽️adjustment or adaptation of the individual to his total environment
◽️ the ability to learn
◽️ the ability to carry on abstract thinking
Spearman
defined intelligence as “the tendency to take and maintain a definite direction; the capacity to make adaptations for the purpose of attaining a desired end, and the power of autocriticism”
Anderson
