Brian Flashcards
impulsiveness and loss of inhibition
what lobe
Frontal lobes lesions expressive (Broca's) aphasia: located on the posterior aspect of the frontal lobe, in the inferior frontal gyrus. Speech is non-fluent, laboured, and halting disinhibition perseveration anosmia inability to generate a list
temporal lobe injury
Temporal lobe lesion
Wernicke’s aphasia: this area ‘forms’ the speech before ‘sending it’ to Brocas area. Lesions result in word substituion, neologisms but speech remains fluent
superior homonymous quadrantanopia
auditory agnosia
prosopagnosia (difficulty recognising faces)
Hallucinations can occur in temporal lobe seizures
metallic smell an taste
occipital lobe lesions
Occipital lobe lesions
homonymous hemianopia (with macula sparing)
cortical blindness
visual agnosia
pariteal lobe lesions
Parietal lobe lesions sensory inattention apraxias astereognosis (tactile agnosia) inferior homonymous quadrantanopia Gerstmann's syndrome (lesion of dominant parietal): alexia, acalculia, finger agnosia and right-left disorientation
cerebellum lesions
Cerebellum lesions
midline lesions: gait and truncal ataxia
hemisphere lesions: intention tremor, past pointing, dysdiadokinesis, nystagmus
subdural bleed looks like what
crescent shap e
subdural bleed caused by what
rupture of bridging veins
stylohyoid innervated by what nerve
facial nerve
The hypoglossal nerve emerges anterior to the olive of the medulla oblongata. CNIX-XI emerge posterior to the olive
true
Anterior to the olive of the medulla is the correct answer for the hypoglossal cranial nerve. In this case, the isolated hypoglossal nerve lesion is most likely due to the base of skull meningioma found on brain imaging. The tongue always deviates towards the side of the hypoglossal nerve lesion.
Anterior midbrain is incorrect as this is the exit for cranial nerve 3.
Pons is incorrect as this is the exit of cranial nerve 5 from the brainstem.
Pontine-medullary junction is incorrect as this is the exit of cranial nerves 6 to 8.
Posterior midbrain is incorrect as this is the exit of cranial nerve 4, which has the longest cranial course of all the cranial nerves.
oxytocin is made where in the hypothalamus
Oxytocin is produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
Mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus are important for recollective memory. Damage to these bodies, for example in thiamine deficiency in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, leads to impairment in memory.
ok sign
anterior interosseous nerve
cranial nerve 7 palsy also called bells palsy is associated with what
glandular fever - EBV
nerve with longest length
he trochlear nerve has the longest intracranial length of any of the cranial nerves
The patient develops binocular vertical and torsional diplopia.
When testing the patient’s cranial nerves he has vertical diplopia, worsened by looking downwards and inwards.
The genitofemoral nerve divides into two branches as it approaches the inguinal ligament
he genital branch passes anterior to what artery at the deep inguinal canal
The genital branch passes anterior to the external iliac artery through the deep inguinal ring into the inguinal canal. It communicates with the ilioinguinal nerve in the inguinal canal (though this is seldom of clinical significance).
rise in ICP causes fall in what
The cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is defined as being the net pressure gradient causing blood flow to the brain. The CPP is tightly autoregulated to maximise cerebral perfusion. A sharp rise in CPP may result in a rising ICP, a fall in CPP may result in cerebral ischaemia. It may be calculated by the following equation:
CPP= Mean arterial pressure - Intra cranial pressure
Following trauma, the CPP has to be carefully controlled and the may require invasive monitoring of the ICP and MAP.
