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Year 2 AHW > Breeding and Reproduction > Flashcards

Breeding and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What starts parturition?

A

Initiated by the foetus

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2
Q

What are the three stages of parturition?

A

Initiation of myometrial contractions,
expulsion of the foetus
expulsion of the foetal membranes

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3
Q

Why is there variation in stage 2 of parturition?

A

Some species cannot separate foetus and membranes- polytocous
Monotocous species can

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4
Q

What are the three Ps of parturition?

A

Presentation
Posture
Position

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5
Q

What are the different terms and meaning of the terms use to describe presentation of parturition?

A

Longitudinal- anterior (head first) or posterior (back first)
Transverse- side on

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6
Q

How can you describe posture of parturition?

A

Dorsal- normal
Ventral- upside down
Lateral- on side

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7
Q

How can posture of parturition be described?

A

Head, neck, legs either flexed or extended

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8
Q

What is the normal position of parturition in ruminants and horses?

A

Anterior longitudinal, dorsal, extension of all limbs head and neck

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9
Q

What is the term for a normal birth?

A

Eutocia

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10
Q

What is the term for a difficult birth?

A

Dystocia

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11
Q

How is the breech position described with the three Ps?

A

Posterior longitudinal, dorsal, hindlimb flexed cranially at hips

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12
Q

What are common factors of dystocia?

A

Age, species, breed, nutrition, BCS, environment, gender, genetics, disease

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13
Q

What are the common causes of foetal dystocia?

A

Maldisposition
Foeto-maternal disproportion
Foetal monsters
Multiple births- abortion in mares, increased maldisposition in ewes

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14
Q

What are common maternal causes of dystocia?

A

Skeletal- fracture, dislocation, pelvis size
Soft tissue- excessive fat in vaginal wall
Cervix doesn’t dilate- ringworm in sheep
Uterine torsion- rotation of uterus
Expulsive deficiency- primary uterine inertia (not contracting), secondary uterine inertia (obstructive)

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15
Q

What are the problems with dystocia?

A 
Increased rate of stillbirth and mortality
Increased neonatal morbidity
Increased dam mortality
Reduced productivity of dam
Reduced fertility
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16
Q

What should be done after dystocia for dam and neonate?

A

Stimulus to breathing
Check for another foetus
Check for injuries to repro tract
Pain relief

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17
Q

What is the normal pathway of blood in a foetus?

A

Placenta through to liver, drains into caudal vena cava into the right atrium of the heart through the foramen ovale into left ventricle, to aorta, to body, drains into umbilical arteries back to placenta

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18
Q

What anatomical changes take place to cardiovascular adaptation to neonate at birth?

A

Closure or foramen ovale due to LA pressure
Closure or ductus arteriosus botalli
Umbilical vessels- vein collapses, arteries contract

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19
Q

What is the difference between alveoli development in precocial and altricial neonates?

A

Precocial- most development prepartum

Altricial- most development postpartum

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20
Q

What does surfactant in neonates do?

A

Prevents alveoli collapse

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21
Q

How is the fluid in foetus lungs removed?

A

Physical removal- pressure during parturition, absorbed by lymph and blood

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22
Q

What are 4 natural stimuli of respiration?

A

Hypoxia, Respiratory acidosis, hypercapnia, lower temp, maybe gravity

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23
Q

What are some aids to stimulate respiration in neonateS?

A

Place into sternal recumbency, resuscitation (extant head and neck pump 4-5x normal breathing rhythm), stimulatory drugs, straw up nose, cold water

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24
Q

How can asphyxia be assed in neonates?

A

HR- 100 good <50 poor, asses perfusion, asses body tone, colour (anaemic)

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25
Q

What changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract of neonates?

A

Growth- hormones, neuropeptides, enzymes
Gut flora- takes several weeks
Liver- changes from blood forming to metabolic organ
Meconium- water/amniotic fluid needs to be passed within first 18 hours

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26
Q

Why are immunoglobulins in colostrum so important at birth?

A

Neonates are gamma-globulinaemic- no immunoglobulins

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27
Q

When does IgA/M first appear in neonates?

A

Within 4 days

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28
Q

When does IgG1/2 first appear in neonates?

A

IgG1- week old

IgG2- Month old

29
Q

When does renal function on a foetus first begin?

A

2nd half of gestation via urachus

30
Q

What happens to the renal system in neonates post partum?

A

Increased GFR

High levels of renin and aldosterone

31
Q

What neurological changes happen post partum in neonates?

A 
Gain consciousness 
Spinal reflexes
Skin sensation developed
Suckling reflex present
Papillary light reflex present
32
Q

What is significant about neonates tendons/ligaments?

A

Very lax

33
Q

How do neonates maintain thermoregulation?

A

Shivering
Ruminants- brown fat
Foal- endogenous glycogen

34
Q

Why is a foal more tolerant to the cold then other neonates?

A

Higher metabolic rate

35
Q

What features indicate prematurity?

A

Absence of incisors
Tendon laxity
floppy ears
fine and silky coat in precocial species

36
Q

In cattle what is the definitive sign of oestrus?

A

Standing to be mounted

37
Q

What are techniques of detection of oestrus in cattle?

A 
Riding marks- often seen too late 
Bulling string 
Tail paint
Mount indicator
Activity monitor
38
Q

How can oestrus be monitored in a mare?

A 
Follicle observation-
Shape >35mm daily growth (3-5mm)
Shape- teardrop <24hours before ovulation, becomes softer <6-12 hours off ovulation
Follicle wall thickens 24hr before
Oedema
39
Q

How can oestrus be monitored in a bitch?

A

Smear from vaginal mucosa-
Anoestrus- paranasal cells (large nucleus)
Pro-oestrus- cornfield cells- shrunk nucleus, triangular shape
Di-oestrus- day after reduces by half

40
Q

What are reasons for manipulating oestrus?

A

Poor oestrus detection
Synchronisation
Enable AI and ET
Trigger postpartum resumption

41
Q

What hormones are commonly used for oestrus manipulation and why?

A

PGF 2-alpha shortens the luteal phase
Progesterone prolongs the luteal phase
GnRH/Gonadotrophin- recruit and grow follicles/ stimulate ovulation
Progesterone- arrest the oestrus cycle for 9-19 days

42
Q

What are the common causes of anoestrus?

A 
Lactation- 50 days in beef cow
Pregnancy
Season
Negative energy balance
Stress
Pathology
43
Q

How can oestrus synchronisation be achieved for AI dairy cows?

A

GnRH to synchronise new wave
7 days later PGF 2a for luteolysis
GnRH at day 9 to control ovulation
AI at day 10

44
Q

How can oestrus synchronisation be achieved in heifers for AI

A

Give PGF2 2x doses 11 days apart- inseminate 72/96 hours or once at 84 h

Exogenous progesterone remove and give PGF2 causes LH and FSH release to recruit and ovulation (beef cows over 50 days post parturient as well)

45
Q

How is oestrus synchronisation achieved in sheep?

A

Progesterone sponge

46
Q

What is the HPO axis?

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH, acts on anterior pituitary FSH/LH acts on ovary, produces inhibin, oestradiol, progesterone, oxytocin, causes PGF release

47
Q

What is the definition of spermatozoa?

A

Cells that are capable of fertilisation

48
Q

What are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Proliferation, meiosis, differentiation

49
Q

What are seminiferus tubules?

A

Tight junctions between Sertoli cells form the sperm testis barrier and divides the basal compartment

50
Q

Place the following terms in order: spermatids, spermatozoa, spermatogonia, spermatocytes

A

Spermatogonia
Spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa

51
Q

Where are spermatogonia found and where are the others found?

A

Spermatogonia- in basal compartments

Others- adlumenal compartment

52
Q

What does proliferation, meiotic and differentiation start with and finish with?

A

Proliferation- spermatogonia to spermatocytes
Meiotic- primary spermatocytes to haploid spermatids
Differentiation- spermatids to spherical shaped spermatids

53
Q

What is the name of the tube which leaves the testes and the name of the duct inside?

A

Vas deferens

Ductus deferens

54
Q

What does the sperm-testis barrier separate in the testes?

A

Basal compartment and adlumenal compartment

55
Q

What happens during proliferation?

A

1 spermatogonia divides to become many depending on number of divisions which varies with species
A1- A2- A3- A4- spermatogonia I, spermatogonia B

56
Q

How is synchronisation of divisions achieved in proliferation?

A

All cells have intracytoplasmic bridges causing synchronisation

57
Q

What happens during the meiotic phase?

A

Starts with spermatocytes
Meiosis causes genetic diversity
Meiosis 1 produces secondary spermatocytes- long time
Meiosis 2 produces spermatids

58
Q

What is the aim of differentiation phase?

A

Aims to produce a sophisticated self-propelled package of enzymes and DNA

59
Q

What is the name for the process of releasing tails into lumen?

A

Spermiation

60
Q

How long can the cycle take (range)

A

4-9 weeks depending on species

61
Q

How long is a bull, ram and stallions spermatogenesis?

A

Bull 54 days
Ram 49 days
Stallion 58 days

62
Q

Describe the structure of the spermatozoa

A

Head- nucleus and acrosome (contains hydrolytic enzymes)

Tail- self propelled flagellum has middle, principle, terminal piece
Middle has mitochondria

63
Q

Describe normal endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis?

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH
GnRH causes production of LH and FSH
LH acts obnoxious Leydig cells producing testosterone
FSH and testosterone acts on Sertoli cells
Negative feedback from inhibin and testosterone stop production of GnRH/FSH/LH

64
Q

Where is spermatozoa produced, matures and stored until ejaculation?

A

Spermatozoa produces in testes
Mature in the head of epididymis
Stored in the tail of the epididymis

65
Q

How is semen evaluated?

A

Record volume, colour, appearance

66
Q

How long does transport of spermatozoa through epididymis take?

A

1-2 weeks

67
Q

How is mass motility of semen scored?

A

1-5, 5 being ‘billowing clouds’ 1 being ‘wave motion

68
Q

What does the appearance of the sperm show?

A

Approximate number of sperm

69
Q

What are spermatozoa sensitive to?

A

Temperature (cold shock of glassware)
Water
Bright light, blood, cigarette smoke

Year 2 AHW (2 decks)

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