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IAP > Breeding And Reproduction > Flashcards

Breeding And Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Polyoestrous

A

Cycles all year round e.g. Cows

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2
Q

Seasonal polyoestrous

A

Regular cycles during a certain time of year

Long day- horses
Short day- sheep

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3
Q

Mono oestrous

A

1 oestrous in a year eg bitches

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4
Q

Seasonal effects on male reproduction

A

Low testosterone production
Reduced sperm motility
Behavioural factors

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5
Q

Seasonal affects on female reproduction

A

Many females have a breeding season
E.g. Horses, come into season during spring summer, will become receptive to male, GnRH pulsing impulses starts ovulation.
Sheep have an autumnal breeding season.

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6
Q

Mechanism by which seasonal breeding is effected?

A

Melatonin!
Declining daylight leads to increasing melatonin but species response is different.
Depressed reproduction in long day breeders e.g. horses.
Short day breeders eg sheep require declining photoperiod , increasing, melatonin to stimulate GnRH.

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7
Q

3 ways in which seasonality can be used to manipulate breeding

A

Expose animals to artificially lengthened or shortened days e.g. Cover cage, turn lights out (hens)

Change latitude - shuttle stallions

Give melatonin- implants to advance cyclicity in ewes

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8
Q

Give 3 non reproductive examples of the importance of seasonal effects for husbandry

A

Body weight
Behaviour
Appetite

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9
Q

State oestrous detection aids for a variety of species

A

Visual signs- bulling, ride marks, bulling string (cows)
Tail paint/ chalk, mount indicators (cows and sheep)
Pedometers (cows)
Follicle observation in mares - 35mm, tear dropped, soft, thick wall
Vaginal cytology in bitches. Pro oestrous, cells become cornified.

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10
Q

Reasons for manipulation of oestrous

A

Poor oestrous detection
Synchronisation
Enable AI at same time
Trigger post partum resumption

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11
Q

Explain effects of commonly used hormones on oestrous cycle
Luteal phase?
Follicular waves?
Arrest?

A

Control luteal phase? Shorten- prostaglandins. Lengthen- progesterone

Manipulate follicular waves? To start-PMSG or eCG. Stimulate ovulation? GnRH or hCG

Temporary arrest ? Progesterone

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12
Q

Cause of anoestrous?

A 
Pregnancy
Lactation
Season
Stress
Negative energy balance
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13
Q

Describe one possible protocol to achieve oestrous synchronisation in cattle

A 
Fixed time AI cows- ovsynch
Day0 GnRH, synchronise new wave emergence
Day 7 PGFa causes luteolysis
Day 9 GnRH control time of ovulation 
Day 10 AI
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14
Q

Use of exogenous progesterone

A

Intra vaginal devices eg PRIDs and CIDRs
When removed all will start cycling at same time, can AI at same time.
Give PGFa 24 hrs before removal to remove an CL
AI 56 hours after removal

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15
Q

What are the three stages of spermatogenesis?

A

1 proliferation. Mitosis. SPERMATOCYTOGENESIS. Stem cell renewal

  1. Meiotic. SPERMATIDOGENESIS. Primary spermatocytes. Haploid
  2. Differentiation. SPERMIOGENESIS. No further cell division. Spermatozoa
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16
Q

Goals of spermatogenesis

A

Generate spermatozoa
Create and replenish supply of stem cells
Create genetic diversity

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17
Q

Stages from spermatogonia- spermatozoa

A

Spermatogonia (in basal compartment)
Spermatocytes (cross sperm testis barrier)
Spermatids (in luminal compartment)
Spermatozoa

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18
Q

How is stem cell stock replaced?

A

Some spermatogonia don’t continue process to become spermatozoa, some will regenerate back to stem cells

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19
Q

Spermatozoa features
Head
Tail

A

Head? Nucleus and acrosome and nuclear cap
Shape varies
Acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes required for penetration of zone pellucida

Tail? Self powered flagellum

Middle piece contains mitochondria for energy

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20
Q

Spermatogenic wave

A

Regina along seminiferous tubules are at different stages of development
Get continual trickle release

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21
Q

Endocrine regulation of males

A

Hypothalamus- GnRH -> Ant Pit- LH and FSH
LH-> leydig cells- testosterone -> Sertoli cells
FSH-> sertoli cells —> produces testicular fluid

All effected by negative feedback

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22
Q

Spermatozoa?

Produced/matured/stored

A

Produced in Testis
Matured in head and body of epididymis (develop motile capacity)
Stored in tail of epididymis

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23
Q

Compensate effect?

A

Problems which can be compensated with large numbers eg motility

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24
Q

What are spermatozoa very sensitive too?

A

Temperature
Water- spermicidal
Bright light

25
Q

Sperm testis barrier?

A

Stops immune system getting into adluminal compartment

After meiosis spermatogonia are genetically different than body cells so immune system will destroy them

26
Q

Advantages of AI

A 
Large genetic pool
Known traits
Bio security 
No male needed-safer for stockman
Vastly multiplies genes from exceptional males
27
Q

Disadvantages of AI

A

Need good oestrous detection
Correct straw storage
Need training
Can be costly esp for sexed semen

28
Q

Methods of pregnancy diagnosis

A

Ultrasonography- transrectally around 20 days
Palpating- abdominal and foetal ballot, take care
Radiography- skeletons need to be calcified. Avoid in first two trimesters, risk to foetus

29
Q

Explain the AM PM rule

A

Oestrous on average lasts 9-14 hours in cows and ovulation occurred around 12-18 hours after end of oestrus. If oestrous is seen in morning, AI that afternoon. If oestrous seen in afternoon, AI following morning.

30
Q

Where is semen deposited during AI

A

Through cervix into uterine horns

31
Q

State drugs that could be used to control parturition

A

Sow- PGF2a around day 114, give birth within 36 hrs, CL dependent

Cow- PGF and corticosteroids opens birth canal and primes neonate, can get long, medium and short acting.

32
Q

State drugs that couples be used to temporarily suppress reproductive function

A

Delvosteron- progesterogen. Cats dogs and ferrets. One injection at start of proestrus

Oxytocin- mare. Give week or two after ovulation to extend CL life

Tardak in male dog to suppress of hyper sexuality

33
Q

Drugs that can be used to treat misalliance

A

When you don’t want animal to carry on pregnancy

Mare- fluprostenol (PGF) at day 35
Cow- PGF2a between day 6 and 150
Bitch- do not use prostaglandins. CL quite resistant. Use oestradiol benzoate. Day 3 and 5

34
Q

Reasons for embryo transfer

A

Multiply superior genetics especially with species with long gestations

35
Q

Reasons for in vitro methods of reproduction

A

Genetic diversification

Rare semen can be used on multiple females

36
Q

Reasons for controlling litter size

A

Dairy and horse- twins undesirable

37
Q

Describe what anatomical and physiological changes take place to life ex uterine with regard to cardiovascular system?

A

Closure of foramen ovale- starts lung circulation, increase pressure in left atrium

Closure of ductus arteriosus- reflex response to oxygenated blood

Umbilical vessels. Veins collapse and arteries contact

38
Q

Describe what anatomical and physiological changes take place to life ex uterine with regard to respiration

A

Alveoli. Altricial young still developing post partum
Surfactant- prevent alveoli collapse, develops late gestation
Lung fluid- physical removal during parturition

39
Q

List four natural stimuli of respiration and how these may be utilised to resuscitate a neonate

A

Physiological
-hypoxia, respiratory acidosis

Physical
Lower temp - rub with towel to dry and raise temp
Tactile- rubbing, tickling nose
Gravity- gently tip upside down

40
Q

Outline capabilities and development of immune system

A

Full capabilities only after birth, more neutrophils than adults
T cells all at birth
B cells 1/3 of adult at birth
Ability to respond to antigens at birth
Viruses, bacteria and Protozoa until 14-30 days
But often not a full response

41
Q

State a breed or species specific example of thermoregulation

A

Ruminants have a supply of brown fat

Foals use endogenous glycogen

42
Q

Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to GI tract

A

Gut flora takes several weeks to become established

Live changes from a blood forming organ to a metabolic organ

43
Q

Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to renal function

A

Kidneys functional from second half of gestation. Urine excreted via urachus
Post partum higher glomerular filtration rate
High levels of renin and aldosterone
Large volume of hypotonic urine

44
Q

Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to neurological system

A

Spinal reflexes developed early eg withdrawal and righting
Skin sensation developed
Suckling reflex present

45
Q

Describe the capabilities and adaptations with regard to musculoskeletal adaptations

A

Foetal movements mid gestation
Bones well ossified
Wide stance and exaggerated gait
Tendon and ligament laxity

46
Q

List 2 body features that may indicate prematurity

A

Silky coat
No incisors
Over extended limbs
Floppy ears

47
Q

Describe normal stages of parturition

A

Complex cascade of endocrine events initiated by foetus
Initiation of my one trial contractions
Expulsion of foetus
Expulsion of foetal membrane

48
Q

What is foetal disposition?

A

Spatial arrangement of the foetus in relation to pelvis and birth Canal
Can be normal or abnormal

49
Q

Three terms used to describe disposition?

A

Presentation
Position
Posture

50
Q

Foetal presentation?

A

Can be anterior, posterior or transverse

51
Q

Foetal position

A

Can be dorsal, ventral or lateral

52
Q

Foetal posture?

A

Disposition of the head, neck and limbs

Eg flexed, extended and direction

53
Q

Common causes of dystocia

A

Expulsive forces insufficient
Birth canal of inadequate size or shape
Size or disposition of foetus means it’s unable to pass through birth canal

54
Q

Foetal dystocia

A

Maldisposition
Feto-maternal disproportion
Foetal monsters
Multiple births

55
Q

Maternal dystocia

A

Abnormalities of birth canal- skeletal or soft tissue
Incompetence of cervical dilation
Uterine torsion
Expulsive deficiency

56
Q

Uterine inertia

A

A) primary uterine inertia
Deficiency of contractile potential of myometrium
B) secondary uterine inertia
Inertia of exhaustion

57
Q

List economic, health and welfare implications of dystocia

A

Increased stillbirth and mortality of offspring
Increased dam mortality
Reduced productivity of dam
Less offspring less profit

58
Q

Outline care of neonate after dystocia

A

Do not rupture umbilical cord- will rupture naturally. When does dip naval
Remove foetal membranes and ensure is breathing
Colostrum!

59
Q

Outline care of dam after dystocia

A

Always check for another foetus
Check for injury to reproductive tract
Pain relief
Good nursing care

IAP (8 decks)

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