Breathing & Respiration

Question 1

Where respiration occurs

Answer 1

Anaerobic - in the cytoplasm
Aerobic - mitochondria of cells

Question 2

Nicotine

Answer 2

Causes addiction; increases blood pressure, heart rate and metabolism; can lead to cardiovascular or disease

Question 3

Carbon Monoxide

Answer 3

A poisonous gas which binds to red blood cells and stops them carrying oxygen around the body

Question 4

Tar

Answer 4

Can cause cancer (carcinogen)

Question 5

Energy is measured in…

Answer 5

Joules, Kilojoules, calories and kilocalories

Question 6

What happens to the Diaphragm during inhalation?

Answer 6

Diaphragm contracts + flattens

Question 7

What happens to the Ribcage during inhalation?

Answer 7

It moves up + out

Question 8

What happens to the Intercostal Muscles during inhalation?

Answer 8

External intercostal muscles contract

Question 9

What happens to the thorax during inhalation?

Answer 9

Volume of thorax increases, and so pressure decreases to less than the atmosphere

Question 10

What happens to the air during inhalation?

Answer 10

Air moves into the lungs

Question 11

What happens to the Diaphragm during exhalation?

Answer 11

Diaphragm relaxes and arches up

Question 12

What happens to the ribcage during exhalation?

Answer 12

Ribcage moves in and down

Question 13

What happens to the Intercostal Muscles during exhalation?

Answer 13

Internal Intercostal Muscles contract

Question 14

What happens to the thorax during exhalation?

Answer 14

Volume in the thorax decreases so the pressure increases (more than atmosphere)

Question 15

What happens to the air during exhalation?

Answer 15

Air is forced out of the lungs

Question 16

Define Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 16

The process of releasing energy from food without Oxygen

Question 17

The equation for anaerobic respiration in humans

Answer 17

Glucose –} Lactic Acid

Question 18

Anaerobic respiration is used ….

Answer 18

during intense physical activities e.g. exercise (sprinting), because it requires low oxygen levels

Question 19

The equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

Answer 19

Glucose –} Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

Question 20

What can anaerobic respiration (fermentation) in plants and yeast, be used to make?

Answer 20

Ethanol - for alcoholic beverages; CO2 to produces bubbles to raise bread

Question 21

Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli and how the alveoli are adapted for effective gas exchange

Answer 21

• CO2 diffuses out the blood in to alveolus
• O2 diffuses in to the blood from the alveolus.
  ADAPTION:
• Thin walls of capillary and alveolus (short diffusion path)
• Many alveoli (large surface area)
• Large and constant blood supply (diffusion gradient)

Question 22

What happens to the respiratory and circulatory systems during exercise (and why)

Answer 22

(Breathing rate increases to remove increased CO2 levels in the blood and absorb more O2 in the blood) -} Respiratory

(Heart rate increases and blood is diverted to muscles to supply them with more O2 –} to allow for the increased rate of aerobic respiration because more energy is required) -} Circulatory

Question 23

Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air

Answer 23

Inhaled —}
* Oxygen - More (21%)
* Carbon Dioxide - Less (0.04%)
* Nitrogen - Same (78-79%)
* Water Vapour - Less (varies)

Exhaled —}
* Oxygen - Less (16%)
* Carbon Dioxide - More (4%)
* Nitrogen - Same (78-79%)
* Water Vapour - More (varies)

Question 24

Define Aerobic Respiration

Answer 24

The process by which energy is released from food using oxygen

Question 25

Equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 25

Glucose + oxygen –} carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

C6, H12, O6 + 6O2 –} 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 26

Trachea

Answer 26

• The Windpipe
• Rings of cartilage keep the airways open when the pressure changes (stops collapse)

Question 27

Ribs

Answer 27

• Protect Lungs
• Work with Intercostal muscles to change the volume of the thorax to assist with breathing

Question 28

Bronchus/i

Answer 28

Branches of trachea

Question 29

Bronchioles

Answer 29

• Branches of the bronchi

Question 30

Alveoli

Answer 30

Air sacs where gas exchange takes place

Question 31

Diaphragm

Answer 31

A sheet of muscle which contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the thorax and assist with breathing

Question 32

Lung

Answer 32

An organ made of tissues to allow efficient gas exchange

Question 33

How do you calculate the energy of food based on temperature increases?

Answer 33

Energy released (J) = Mass/vol of water (ml) x Change in temp (0C) x 4.2

Question 34

How do you compare energy released by different foods?

Answer 34

To compare energy released by different foods, you would divided the value calculated by the number of grams to get the energy released per gram of food.

Question 35

Independent Variable

Answer 35

What you will change

Question 36

Dependent Variable

Answer 36

What you measure

Question 37

Control Variable

Answer 37

What you don’t change

Question 38

How do the cilia and mucus work?

Answer 38

The cilia beat in tandem to break down and move the mucus up the airways, to get swallowed/spat out, as it can be irritating or harmful to the lungs if dust particles get stuck in them.