Breathing & Respiration Flashcards
Where respiration occurs
Anaerobic - in the cytoplasm
Aerobic - mitochondria of cells
Nicotine
Causes addiction; increases blood pressure, heart rate and metabolism; can lead to cardiovascular or disease
Carbon Monoxide
A poisonous gas which binds to red blood cells and stops them carrying oxygen around the body
Tar
Can cause cancer (carcinogen)
Energy is measured in…
Joules, Kilojoules, calories and kilocalories
What happens to the Diaphragm during inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts + flattens
What happens to the Ribcage during inhalation?
It moves up + out
What happens to the Intercostal Muscles during inhalation?
External intercostal muscles contract
What happens to the thorax during inhalation?
Volume of thorax increases, and so pressure decreases to less than the atmosphere
What happens to the air during inhalation?
Air moves into the lungs
What happens to the Diaphragm during exhalation?
Diaphragm relaxes and arches up
What happens to the ribcage during exhalation?
Ribcage moves in and down
What happens to the Intercostal Muscles during exhalation?
Internal Intercostal Muscles contract
What happens to the thorax during exhalation?
Volume in the thorax decreases so the pressure increases (more than atmosphere)
What happens to the air during exhalation?
Air is forced out of the lungs
Define Anaerobic Respiration
The process of releasing energy from food without Oxygen
The equation for anaerobic respiration in humans
Glucose –} Lactic Acid
Anaerobic respiration is used ….
during intense physical activities e.g. exercise (sprinting), because it requires low oxygen levels
The equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast
Glucose –} Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
What can anaerobic respiration (fermentation) in plants and yeast, be used to make?
Ethanol - for alcoholic beverages; CO2 to produces bubbles to raise bread
Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli and how the alveoli are adapted for effective gas exchange
- CO2 diffuses out the blood in to alveolus
- O2 diffuses in to the blood from the alveolus.
ADAPTION: - Thin walls of capillary and alveolus (short diffusion path)
- Many alveoli (large surface area)
- Large and constant blood supply (diffusion gradient)
What happens to the respiratory and circulatory systems during exercise (and why)
(Breathing rate increases to remove increased CO2 levels in the blood and absorb more O2 in the blood) -} Respiratory
(Heart rate increases and blood is diverted to muscles to supply them with more O2 –} to allow for the increased rate of aerobic respiration because more energy is required) -} Circulatory
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
Inhaled —}
* Oxygen - More (21%)
* Carbon Dioxide - Less (0.04%)
* Nitrogen - Same (78-79%)
* Water Vapour - Less (varies)
Exhaled —}
* Oxygen - Less (16%)
* Carbon Dioxide - More (4%)
* Nitrogen - Same (78-79%)
* Water Vapour - More (varies)
Define Aerobic Respiration
The process by which energy is released from food using oxygen
Equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen –} carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
C6, H12, O6 + 6O2 –} 6CO2 + 6H2O
Trachea
- The Windpipe
- Rings of cartilage keep the airways open when the pressure changes (stops collapse)
Ribs
- Protect Lungs
- Work with Intercostal muscles to change the volume of the thorax to assist with breathing
Bronchus/i
Branches of trachea
Bronchioles
- Branches of the bronchi
Alveoli
Air sacs where gas exchange takes place
Diaphragm
A sheet of muscle which contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the thorax and assist with breathing
Lung
An organ made of tissues to allow efficient gas exchange
How do you calculate the energy of food based on temperature increases?
Energy released (J) = Mass/vol of water (ml) x Change in temp (0C) x 4.2
How do you compare energy released by different foods?
To compare energy released by different foods, you would divided the value calculated by the number of grams to get the energy released per gram of food.
Independent Variable
What you will change
Dependent Variable
What you measure
Control Variable
What you don’t change
How do the cilia and mucus work?
The cilia beat in tandem to break down and move the mucus up the airways, to get swallowed/spat out, as it can be irritating or harmful to the lungs if dust particles get stuck in them.
